Which of the following is NOT a factor in the theories mentioned?

• Biological

• Psychological

• Economic

• Technological

Answer explanation

The correct answer is 'Technological' because it is not typically considered a factor in the theories mentioned, which focus on biological, psychological, and economic aspects.

Who among the following is studied in criminological theories?

• Economists

• Attorneys

• Scientists

• Artists

Answer explanation

Attorneys are studied in criminological theories as they play a crucial role in the legal system, influencing crime prevention, prosecution, and defense strategies, making them relevant to understanding criminal behavior.

What is the aim of criminological theory?

• To explain criminal behavior

• To develop new technologies

• To create art

• To study ancient history

Answer explanation

The aim of criminological theory is to explain criminal behavior, providing insights into why individuals commit crimes and how societal factors influence these actions.

Which of the following roles is studied in criminological theories?

• Judges

• Scientists

• Artists

• Engineers

Answer explanation

Judges play a crucial role in the criminal justice system, and their decisions and behaviors are often analyzed in criminological theories to understand the legal process and its impact on crime and society.

According to Classical Theory, what assumption is made about people?

• They are influenced by their environment

• They exercise free will and are responsible for their actions

• They are driven by unconscious desires

• They are shaped by their social interactions

Answer explanation

According to Classical Theory, individuals are seen as rational beings who exercise free will and are accountable for their actions, distinguishing it from other theories that emphasize environmental or unconscious influences.

Which of the following is a characteristic of general deterrence?

• Focuses on individual rehabilitation

• Prevents crime by society at large

• Rewards specific individuals

• Educates offenders

Answer explanation

General deterrence aims to prevent crime by influencing society at large, rather than focusing on individual rehabilitation or rewarding specific individuals. It seeks to create a broader impact on potential offenders.

Which of the following is a fallacy of classical theory?

• All offenders are treated equally.

• Juveniles are treated differently from adults.

• Similar crimes are always similar.

• First-time offenders are given leniency.

Answer explanation

The statement "All offenders are treated equally" is a fallacy of classical theory because it ignores individual circumstances and differences in cases, which can lead to unjust outcomes in the justice system.

How are first-time offenders treated according to classical theory?

• With more leniency than repeat offenders.

• The same as repeat offenders.

• With harsher penalties.

• Differently from repeat offenders.

Answer explanation

According to classical theory, first-time offenders are treated the same as repeat offenders, as the focus is on the crime committed rather than the offender's history. Thus, the correct answer is that they are treated the same.

What concept does Neoclassical Theory introduce as a measure of the degree of free will?

• Intuition

• Premeditation

• Spontaneity

• Impulse

Answer explanation

Neoclassical Theory emphasizes premeditation as a key factor in assessing free will. It refers to the conscious planning and consideration of actions before they are taken, distinguishing it from impulsive or spontaneous behavior.

Which of the following is a focus of hereditary studies in criminality?

• Environmental factors

• Genetic predispositions

• Social influences

• Economic status

Answer explanation

Hereditary studies in criminality primarily focus on genetic predispositions, examining how inherited traits may influence criminal behavior, unlike environmental factors, social influences, or economic status.