Front

What is correlation?

Back

Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change together. A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other also increases, while a negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other decreases.

Front

What is causation?

Back

Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of another event. In other words, causation implies a cause-and-effect relationship.

Front

What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?

Back

A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates that there is no correlation between the two variables.

Front

What does a correlation coefficient of 1 indicate?

Back

A correlation coefficient of 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases in a perfectly linear manner.

Front

What does a correlation coefficient of -1 indicate?

Back

A correlation coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases in a perfectly linear manner.

Front

What is the range of correlation coefficients?

Back

The range of correlation coefficients is from -1 to 1.

Front

What is an example of correlation without causation?

Back

An example of correlation without causation is the relationship between ice cream sales and drowning incidents; both may increase in summer, but one does not cause the other.

Front

What is an example of causation?

Back

An example of causation is that if it rains, the ground gets wet; the rain causes the ground to become wet.

Front

How can you determine if a relationship is causal?

Back

To determine if a relationship is causal, you can conduct experiments, control for confounding variables, and look for temporal precedence (the cause must precede the effect).

Front

What is a confounding variable?

Back

A confounding variable is an outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent and independent variable. It can lead to a false assumption of a causal relationship.