What type of learning did Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs help to uncover?

• operant conditioning

• modeling

• classical conditioning

• latent learning

In what way does classical conditioning benefit animals and humans?

• It helps them adapt to their environment and/or regulate previous fears.

• It helps them learn complex or difficult tasks.

• It helps them learn by watching others.

• It helps them modify their behavior.

What conclusion did E. C. Tolman draw from his experiments with rats?

• that the Skinner box worked

• how classical conditioning works

• the effectiveness of negative reinforcement

• that reinforcement is not always necessary for learning

Which scenario is an example of negative reinforcement?

• A person who is hungry will work for food

• Someone who becomes too warm in the sun moves into the shade

• Children receive points for earning good grades and the points can be exchanged for snacks

• Star athletes who do not achieve the required grades are removed from the team

Which of the following terms is synonymous with 'mental picture'?

• cognitive map

• modeling

• preview

• none of the above

What type of stimulus promotes a behavior by fulfilling an organism's essential biological needs?

• observational learning

• personal contract

• token economy

• primary reinforcer

• generalization

What is the term for a behavior modification strategy where an individual sets personal goals and establishes a reward system to promote desired behaviors?

• observational learning

• personal contract

• token economy

• primary reinforcer

• generalization

Which principle explains that behaviors leading to positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those leading to negative outcomes are less likely to recur?

• Law of Effect

• Law of Classical Conditioning

• Law of Latent Learning

• Law of Operant Behavior

What is the behavior modification technique that rewards individuals for appropriate actions?

• observational learning

• personal contract

• token economy

• primary reinforcer

• generalization

Which type of learning involves modeling behavior?

• observational learning

• personal contract

• token economy

• primary reinforcer

• generalization