Cell Signaling Pathways for Insulin

Reorder the following

These are steps 1-5

• Insulin is secreted into the bloodstream by the beta cells of the pancreas.

• After a person has eaten food, glucose is absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the bloodstream, which raises the concentration of circulating blood sugars.

• Glucose entering the beta cell transmits a message through the cytoplasm to the DNA in the nucleus, telling it to transcribe and translate the protein insulin.

• Circulating glucose molecules enter beta cells through GLUT-2 channels embedded in the membrane.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Reorder the following

These are steps 5-8

• The cell receptor (called a tyrosine kinase) forms a dimer by bringing together its alpha and beta subunits.

• The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP-kinase) supplies energy to other molecules in the cytoplasm by adding phosphate groups to them so they become active.

• Insulin engages with a receptor on the exterior surface of a muscle cell.

• The dimer shape of the cell receptor triggers the addition of a phosphate group to two enzymes on the interior surface of the muscle cell.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Reorder the following

These are steps 9-12

• Molecules triggered by MAP-kinase promote the expression of genes responsible for growth and division.

• Molecules triggered by MAP-kinase initiate the cell cycle (mitosis).

• Molecules triggered by PI-3K promote the expression of genes used for making chains of glycogen, proteins and lipids.

• The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K) initiates a cascade of other reactions that are activated by PI-3K.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Reorder the following

These are steps 13-15

• Molecules triggered by PI-3K restrict apoptosis (cell death).

• PI-3K binds to vesicles containing GLUT-4 channel proteins and allows them to merge with the cell membrane.

• Molecules triggered by PI-3K initiate cell division (mitosis).

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Reorder the following

These are steps 16-18

• Glucose is sent to the mitochondria to supply the cell with ATP (used to phosphorylate molecules in the signal pathway as well as perform other actions for cell growth and division).

• GLUT-4 channels in the cell membrane allow glucose to diffuse from the exterior to the interior of the cell.

• Excess glucose is stored as glycogen.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-7

NGSS.HS-LS2-5