What is an alternative hypothesis?

• A hypothesis predicting a statistically significant relationship

• A hypothesis that cannot be tested

• A hypothesis stating no relationship exists

• A hypothesis based on random chance

What does a control condition do?

• Receives the treatment being tested

• Acts as a baseline for comparison

• Is used to manipulate the independent variable

• Is the same as the experimental condition

What is a confederate in research?

• A researcher who manipulates data

• A control group member

• A participant who knows the study's purpose

• A helper pretending to be a participant

What is the purpose of counterbalancing?

• To increase the sample size

• To eliminate random sampling errors

• To control for order effects in repeated measures

• To ensure equal treatment across groups

What is a dependent variable?

• The variable that is manipulated

• The variable that is measured

• The variable that is controlled

• The variable that is irrelevant

What does double-blind testing help to prevent?

• Participant bias only

• Experimenter bias and placebo effects

• Random sampling errors

• Confounding variables

What is a meta-analysis?

• A type of longitudinal study

• A qualitative research method

• Pooling data from multiple studies

• A study of a single experiment

What is the definition of random allocation?

• Choosing participants from a specific demographic

• Using a random process to assign participants to conditions

• Selecting participants who volunteer for the study

• Assigning participants based on their characteristics

What does the term 'external validity' refer to?

• The accuracy of the measurement tool

• The control of extraneous variables

• The internal consistency of the study

• The generalizability of study results

What is a Type I Error?

• Failing to detect a true effect

• Incorrectly concluding no relationship exists

• Rejecting a true null hypothesis

• Retaining a false null hypothesis