Learning

In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the ________. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) ________.

• unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior
• conditioned stimulus; positive reinforcer
• modeling; prosocial behavior
• none of the above

Kaleb developed a fear of snowstorms two winters ago when his car spun off the road and hit a tree during a blizzard. As the winter progressed, and he had no further accidents, Kaleb thought his fear of snowstorms had pretty well disappeared. To his surprise, this winter when the first heavy snow started to fall, he found his heart was pounding and he was trembling. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

• stimulus generalization
• disinhibition
• second-order conditioning

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:

• negative reinforcement.
• observational learning.
• operant conditioning.

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

• immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
• positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
• reinforcement; punishment

Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the:

• occipital lobe adjacent to the visual cortex.
• frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex.
• temporal lobe adjacent to BrocaÍs area.

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called:

• shaping.
• the law of effect.
• observational learning.

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was:

• salivation to the sound of a tone.
• the dogÍs cage.
• the taste of food.

Extinction in an operantly conditioned response is accomplished by removing the

• unconditioned stimulus
• generalization
• conditioned stimulus

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to ________ as a learned association between two stimuli is to ________.

• generalization; discrimination
• operant conditioning; classsical conditioning
• acquision; extinction

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

• fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
• fixed-interval; variable ratio
• variable-ratio; variable ratio