Exam 3 Review

A scientist uses theory to hypothesize that a certain chemical causes plant growth and begins experimenting to verify the hypothesis. This is an example of inductive reasoning.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

The scientist is using deductive reasoning!

2. 1. Theory

3. 2. Hypothesis

4. 3. Pattern

5. 4. Observation/Conclusion

Inductive reasoning starts from the bottom up (4 to 1)!

Determine the deductive reasoning template used in the following statement.

Statement: All dogs are mammals. Jerry is not a mammal. Therefore, Jerry cannot be a dog.

• Applying a Generalization

• Applying an Exception

• Reflexivity

Determine the deductive reasoning template used in the following statement:

Pizza is delicious. Eating delicious food makes people happy. Therefore, eating pizza makes people happy.

• Affirming the Antecedent

• Denying the Consequent

• Disjunctive Syllogism

• Transitivity

Answer explanation

Make sure you know these pretty well! You will need to identify almost all the deductive reasoning templates.

What fallacy is illustrated in this scenario? Scenario: An influencer talks about how they grew up in the same town as you and makes an emotional appeal so you’ll buy their sponsored product.

• Appeals to Mob

• Strawman Fallacy

• Ad Hominem Attack

• Appeals to Emotion

Answer explanation

Appeal to emotion fallacy refers to when someone tries to convince you to do something by evoking your feelings rather than proving you with evidence.

What fallacy is illustrated in this scenario? Scenario: People believe that climate change isn't real just because they heard it in the media, and they refuse to read any contradictory information.

• Playing with Words

• Misuse of Authority

• Appeals to Ignorance

• Ad Hominem Attack

Answer explanation

A scholar who is recognized for their groundbreaking research before presenting a paper has initial ethos.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Initial ethos refers to the credibility assigned before a speaker begins their speech. It is influenced by background, characteristics, and sponsorship.

What dimension of credibility is demonstrated in the following scenario? Scenario: A teacher expresses how much they care about their students’ success and well-being, dedicating time to support them.

• Competence

• Caring

• Character

Answer explanation

What power base is demonstrated in this scenario? Scenario: A speaker refers to their academic achievements as sources of credibility.

• Coercive

• Competence (Expert)

• Referent

• Legitimate

Answer explanation

Make sure you know all of these for the Exam! Double-check Unit 10 for more information.

What power base is demonstrated in this scenario? Scenario: A mayor promises financial incentives to businesses that help community development.

• Coercive

• Reward

• Legitimate

• Expert

Exaggerating facts in a speech will likely result in derived ethos.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

psssst... This is a tricky one from the exam (freebie!). Exaggerating facts can mean presenting something fake or misleading, especially if it involves distorting the truth, which makes it problematic for building ethos!