2024 REVIEW

Based on Figure 1, use of which of the following growth media resulted in a decrease in the amount of protein but an increase in the amount of lipids compared with the control?

• Medium with a standard amount of nitrates and a reduced amount of phosphates

• Medium with a reduced amount of nitrates and a standard amount of phosphates

• Medium with twice the standard amount of nitrates and a standard amount of phosphates

• Medium with a standard amount of nitrates and twice the standard amount of phosphates

Answer explanation

The medium with a standard amount of nitrates and twice the standard amount of phosphates led to decreased protein levels while increasing lipid accumulation, as indicated in Figure 1.

Which of the following best explains the reaction represented in Figure 1?

• It is a dehydration synthesis reaction involved in the formation of a lipid.

• The reaction is the hydrolysis of a nucleic acid and results in the formation of a nucleotide.

• The reaction is the hydrolysis of a nucleic acid and results in the formation of a phospholipid.

• It is a dehydration synthesis reaction involved in the formation of a polypeptide.

Answer explanation

The correct choice is that it is a dehydration synthesis reaction involved in the formation of a polypeptide. This process links amino acids together, releasing water and forming peptide bonds, which is essential for protein synthesis.

Cholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the signaling molecule acetylcholine. Which of the following best explains how cholinesterase carries out its function?

• Cholinesterase breaks covalent bonds within acetylcholine by the addition of a water molecule.

• Cholinesterase breaks covalent bonds within acetylcholine by removing a water molecule.

• Cholinesterase forms covalent bonds between acetylcholine and another molecule by the addition of a water molecule.

• Cholinesterase forms covalent bonds between acetylcholine and another molecule by removing a water molecule.

Answer explanation

Cholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine by breaking covalent bonds through the addition of a water molecule, a process known as hydrolysis. This is essential for terminating the signal of acetylcholine in the nervous system.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-5

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of transport whereby carbon dioxide moves from inside a cell to outside the cell?

• Carbon dioxide is released when vesicles containing carbon dioxide fuse with the plasma membrane.

• Carbon dioxide is actively pumped into the membrane between the halves of the bilayer and then passively diffuses out.

• Carbon dioxide passively diffuses between the membrane lipids.

• Carbon dioxide passively moves through membrane channel proteins.

Answer explanation

Carbon dioxide primarily moves out of cells by passive diffusion, which occurs as it moves between the lipid molecules of the membrane. This process does not require energy, making it the most efficient method for gas exchange.

Which of the cell types represented in Table 1 is most efficient at acquiring nutrients by diffusion?

• Cell type 1

• Cell type 2

• Cell type 3

• Cell type 4

Answer explanation

Cell type 4 is most efficient at acquiring nutrients by diffusion due to its larger surface area relative to volume, which enhances the rate of nutrient uptake compared to the other cell types.

Based on the data, which structural domain is most likely required for DNA binding?

• Domain F

• Domain G

• Domain L

• Domain M

Answer explanation

Domain G is most likely required for DNA binding as it typically contains motifs known to interact with DNA, such as helix-turn-helix or zinc finger structures, which are crucial for recognizing and binding to DNA sequences.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data from test 5 in Table 1?

• Domain L is required for transcription activation.

• Domain F is not required for protein-protein interaction.

• Protein-protein interaction is necessary for DNA binding.

• Protein-protein interaction is sufficient for transcription activation.

Answer explanation

Test 5 data indicates that when Domain L is absent, transcription activation does not occur, supporting the claim that Domain L is required for transcription activation.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in Table 1?

• Protein-protein interaction always results in transcription activation.

• DNA binding is required for protein-protein interaction.

• Protein-protein interaction is necessary for, but not adequate for, transcription activation.

• DNA binding always results in transcription activation.

Answer explanation

The data suggests that while protein-protein interaction is essential for transcription activation, it alone does not guarantee activation, supporting the claim that it is necessary but not sufficient.

Which of the following is the most likely result of testing a combination of domains G and M?

• No functionality

• DNA binding only

• Transcriptional activation only

• Protein-protein interaction only

Answer explanation

Testing domains G and M is likely to result in transcriptional activation only, as these domains are typically associated with enhancing gene expression rather than DNA binding or protein interactions.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in Table 1?

• Sample A has the highest percentage of hydrogen.

• Sample B contains nitrogen and sulfur.

• Sample C has the highest percentage of carbon.

• Sample D contains phosphorus.

Answer explanation

The data in Table 1 shows that Sample B includes both nitrogen and sulfur, making this claim the best supported. The other options do not accurately reflect the data presented.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS1-1