According to Piaget's theory, how do schemes change over the course of development?

• They remain static.

• They become less complex.

• They change through adaptation and organization.

• They disappear completely.

Answer explanation

According to Piaget, schemes evolve through processes of adaptation (modifying schemes) and organization (combining schemes), allowing for more complex understanding as development progresses.

What are major cognitive attainments of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?

• Abstract reasoning

• Object permanence and goal-directed behavior

• Hypothetical thinking

• Language acquisition

Answer explanation

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, major cognitive attainments include object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen, and goal-directed behavior, which involves purposeful actions to achieve specific outcomes.

What is the significance of follow-up research on infant cognitive development for Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

• It disproves the sensorimotor stage.

• It confirms the sensorimotor stage without changes.

• It provides insights into the accuracy and limitations of the sensorimotor stage.

• It suggests infants have no cognitive development.

Answer explanation

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development highlights the nuances of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, revealing both its strengths and limitations, thus providing a deeper understanding of how infants learn and develop cognitively.

What does the information-processing view of cognitive development focus on?

• The role of genetics in intelligence

• The general structure of the information-processing system

• The impact of social interactions on learning

• The influence of nutrition on brain development

Answer explanation

The information-processing view of cognitive development emphasizes understanding the general structure of the information-processing system, focusing on how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

What changes are described in attention, memory, and categorization over the first two years?

• They remain constant

• They decrease significantly

• They develop and improve

• They become less important

Answer explanation

Over the first two years, attention, memory, and categorization skills develop and improve significantly as children grow and learn, making 'They develop and improve' the correct choice.

What is one strength of the information-processing approach to early cognitive development?

• It ignores environmental factors

• It provides a detailed analysis of cognitive processes

• It focuses solely on emotional development

• It emphasizes genetic predispositions

Answer explanation

One strength of the information-processing approach is that it provides a detailed analysis of cognitive processes, allowing for a better understanding of how children think and learn, unlike the other options which are less relevant.

How does Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development expand our understanding of early cognitive development?

• By focusing on individual learning styles

• By emphasizing the role of social interaction

• By highlighting the importance of genetic factors

• By ignoring cultural influences

Answer explanation

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development emphasizes social interaction as crucial for cognitive growth, showing that learning is enhanced through collaboration and guidance from more knowledgeable others.

What does the mental testing approach aim to describe?

• The role of nutrition in early development

• The meaning of intelligence test scores and their predictive value

• The impact of social interactions on learning

• The influence of technology on education

Answer explanation

The mental testing approach focuses on understanding intelligence test scores, including their meaning and how well they predict future performance, making the second choice the correct answer.

Which factors are discussed as environmental influences on early mental development?

• Diet and exercise

• Home, child care, and early intervention

• Technology and media

• Peer interactions and friendships

Answer explanation

The correct choice, 'Home, child care, and early intervention', highlights key environmental factors that significantly impact early mental development, emphasizing the importance of nurturing and supportive settings.

What do theories of language development emphasize?

• The role of diet in cognitive growth

• The importance of innate abilities and environmental influences

• The impact of technology on communication

• The significance of peer relationships

Answer explanation

Theories of language development highlight how both innate abilities and environmental influences shape language acquisition, making the second option the most accurate choice.