Biology PSEO Final Exam Study Guide

What is glycolysis and where does it occur?

• Glycolysis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and it is the process of regenerating NAD⁺ with either an inorganic or organic compound serving as the final electron acceptor; occurs in the absence of oxygen

• Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria and it is the production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in the presence of oxygen

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, and it is the process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH

• Glycolysis occurs in the nucleus.

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

• Anaerobic means with oxygen; aerobic means without oxygen.
• Both anaerobic and aerobic require oxygen to function.
• Anaerobic refers to high-intensity exercise; aerobic refers to low-intensity exercise.
• Anaerobic means without oxygen; aerobic means with oxygen.

Answer explanation

Here are examples of anaerobic respiration:

Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria: Use nitrate (NO₃⁻) to produce nitrite (NO₂⁻) or nitrogen gas (N₂).

1. Human Muscle Cells: Use lactic acid fermentation during intense exercise.

2. Yeast Cells: Use alcoholic fermentation to produce ethanol and CO₂.

Here are examples of aerobic respiration:

• Humans: Use oxygen to convert glucose into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in mitochondria.

• Animals: Oxygen is used in cellular respiration to produce energy for bodily functions.

• Plants: During the day, plants use oxygen for aerobic respiration to release energy from glucose.

• Fungi: Many fungi use oxygen to break down organic material for energy.

what are the reactants and products for photosynthesis?

• Reactants: Carbon dioxide, Water, and Light Energy; Products: Glucose and Oxygen

• Reactants: Oxygen and Glucose; Products: Carbon dioxide and Water

• Reactants: Nitrogen and Glucose; Products: Water and Carbon monoxide

• Reactants: Glucose and Oxygen; Products: Carbon dioxide and Water

Answer explanation

Reactants:

• Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Used in the Calvin Cycle to produce glucose.

• Water (H₂O): Split in the light-dependent reactions to release oxygen and provide electrons for ATP and NADPH production.

• Light Energy: Excites electrons in chlorophyll, driving the light-dependent reactions to produce ATP and NADPH.

Products:

• Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Main energy source for the plant, used for growth and metabolism.

• Oxygen (O₂): By-product of water splitting, released into the atmosphere for respiration.

Mesophyll

• middle layer of chlorophyll-rich cells in a leaf

• opening that regulates gas exchange and water evaporation between leaves and the environment, typically situated on the underside of leaves

• organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

• disc-shaped, membrane-bound structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place

Answer explanation

Stoma (pl. Stomata)

• aqueous space bound by a thylakoid membrane where protons accumulate during light-driven electron transport

• fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place

• opening that regulates gas exchange and water evaporation between leaves and the environment, typically situated on the underside of leaves

• disc-shaped, membrane-bound structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place; stacks of thylakoids are called grana

Answer explanation

chloroplast

• stack of thylakoids

• middle layer of chlorophyll-rich cells in a leaf

• organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

Answer explanation

thylakoid

• organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

• disc-shaped, membrane-bound structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place; stacks of thylakoids are called grana

• fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place

• 
  aqueous space bound by a thylakoid membrane where protons accumulate during light-driven electron transport

Answer explanation

pigment

• distance between consecutive points of equal position (two crests or two troughs) of a wave in a graphic representation; inversely proportional to the energy of the radiation

• molecule that directly absorbs light and transfers the energy absorbed to other pigment molecules

• molecule that is capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light and reflecting others (which accounts for its color)

• fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place

Answer explanation

thylakoid lumen

• organism capable of producing its own organic compounds from sunlight

• distinct quantity or “packet” of light energy

• distance between consecutive points of equal position (two crests or two troughs) of a wave in a graphic representation; inversely proportional to the energy of the radiation

• aqueous space bound by a thylakoid membrane where protons accumulate during light-driven electron transport

Answer explanation

Granum

• stack of thylakoids located inside a chloroplast

• pigment molecule that directly absorbs light and transfers the energy absorbed to other pigment molecules

• light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates using the energy and reducing power of ATP and NADPH

Answer explanation