Front

What is the significance of a PES graph in chemistry?

Back

A PES (Photoelectron Spectroscopy) graph shows the energy levels of electrons in an atom, helping to determine the element's electronic structure and ionization energies.

Front

What is ionization energy?

Back

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.

Front

How does atomic radius change across a period in the periodic table?

Back

Atomic radius decreases across a period due to increased nuclear charge, which pulls the electron cloud closer to the nucleus.

Front

What happens to atomic radius when moving down a group in the periodic table?

Back

Atomic radius increases down a group because additional energy levels are added, increasing the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electrons.

Front

What is electronegativity?

Back

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons in a chemical bond.

Front

How do cations compare in size to their parent atoms?

Back

Cations are always smaller than their parent atoms because they lose one or more electrons, reducing electron-electron repulsion.

Front

How do anions compare in size to their parent atoms?

Back

Anions are always larger than their parent atoms because they gain one or more electrons, increasing electron-electron repulsion.

Front

What is the trend of ionization energy across a period?

Back

Ionization energy generally increases across a period due to increased nuclear charge and decreased atomic radius.

Front

What is the trend of ionization energy down a group?

Back

Ionization energy generally decreases down a group due to increased atomic radius and electron shielding.

Front

What is the relationship between nuclear charge and ionization energy?

Back

Higher nuclear charge typically leads to higher ionization energy, as the increased positive charge attracts electrons more strongly.