AP Bio Unit 4 Review

Front

What are the four main processes involved in signal transduction pathways?

Back

1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Amplification 4. Response

Front

What is the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?

Back

Reception → Transduction → Amplification → Response

Front

What is a cell surface receptor protein?

Back

A protein located on the cell membrane that binds to signaling molecules and initiates a cellular response.

Front

What is signal amplification in signal transduction?

Back

The process by which a small number of signaling molecules can produce a large response in the cell.

Front

What are T-cells?

Back

A type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response, particularly in cell-mediated immunity.

Front

What are B-cells?

Back

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and is involved in the humoral immune response.

Front

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

Back

A series of biochemical events in which one enzyme phosphorylates another, leading to a chain reaction that amplifies the signal.

Front

What role do kinases play in signal transduction?

Back

Kinases are enzymes that add phosphate groups to other molecules, often proteins, which can activate or deactivate their function.

Front

What is the function of a second messenger in signal transduction?

Back

Second messengers are small molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.

Front

What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

Back

Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell targets itself, while paracrine signaling involves a cell targeting nearby cells.