GE 4 FINAL EXAM

What is a proposition?

• A question 

   

•   A statement that can be either true or false

    

• A command

   

• An opinion

Which of the following symbols represents "and" in logical expressions?

• ∨ 

•   ↔

• ∧ 

• →

Which of the following forms of reasoning is used most commonly in scientific hypotheses?

•    Deductive reasoning 

• Analogical reasoning

• Abductive reasoning

• Inductive reasoning

Which of the following logical forms is valid?

• If p, then q. p, therefore q.
  

• If p, then q. Not q, therefore not p.
  

• If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.
  D) None of the above

• None of the above

If ( p \equiv q ) (meaning ( p ) is equivalent to ( q )), which of the following statements is correct?

• ( p ) and ( q ) cannot have different truth values.
  

• ( p ) and ( q ) are never both false.
  

• ( p ) must always be true.
  

• ( p ) and ( q ) can be independent

In predicate logic, which of the following would correctly assert that there exists at least one x such that P(x) is true?

• ∀x P(x)
  

• ∃x P(x)
  

• ¬∀x P(x)
  

• ¬∃x P(x)

In logic, what is the term for a statement that is always false?

• Contradiction
  

• Tautology
  

• Proposition
  

• Theorem
  

What is the principle of excluded middle?

• A statement is either true or false.
  

• A compound statement can be true if one part is true.
  

• Two contradictory statements can be true at the same time.
  

• None of the above

Which of the following is NOT a form of reasoning?

• Deductive

• Inductive

• Abductive

• Confirmative

If "All humans are mortal" is true, what can we infer about "Socrates is human"?

• Socrates is mortal.

• Socrates is not human.

• Socrates is immortal

• Nothing can be inferred.