LPP Topic 2

According to Calvino (1985), how is the universe characterized?

• A chaotic proliferation only

• A regular and ordered cosmo only

• Either a regular and ordered cosmo or a chaotic proliferation

• Neither regular nor chaotic

What is the fundamental nature of language according to the text?

• Fixed and unchanging

• Open, dynamic, and constantly evolving

• Limited to verbal communication only

• Restricted to formal settings

According to Dawson (2001), which statement accurately reflects individual language use?

• All individuals speak exactly the same language

• No two individuals speak exactly the same language

• Language use is uniform across populations

• Language differences are negligible between speakers

What factors influence personal language choices according to the text?

• Only individual preferences

• Only environmental factors

• Both individual preferences and environmental factors

• Neither individual nor environmental factors

According to Steiner's 'After Babel' (1975), why did translation become necessary?

• Languages were too similar

• Humans are totally identical

• No two humans are totally identical

• Written language replaced spoken language

How does oral language compare to written language according to the text?

• Oral language is more restricted than written language

• Oral language has more color variations

• Oral language has fewer restrictions than written language

• Oral and written language have identical restrictions

According to the text, what causes language changes?

• Only technological advances

• Only social interactions

• Multiple factors including technology, social interaction, and historical factors

• Random evolution

What does Brut-Griffler (2004) note about bilinguals?

• They always keep their languages separate

• They never mix their languages

• They carve out their own space as bilinguals

• They prefer one language over another

How does the text characterize language boundaries?

• They are fixed and unchangeable

• They are artificial and fluid

• They are naturally rigid

• They only exist in written form

According to Makoni (1998), viewing language in discrete ways is:

• Natural and necessary

• An invention of political entities

• The only way to study language

• The most scientific approach