Principles of E & T Semester Exam Study Guide

Who is considered the founder of classical conditioning?

• B.F. Skinner

• Ivan Pavlov

• John Watson

• Albert Bandura

What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs?

• The bell

• The salivation

• The food

• The light

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

• A dog salivating when it hears a bell

• A student studying harder after receiving praise from a teacher

• A child being scared of white rats after a loud noise was associated with them

• A cat escaping a maze after several trials

What does the term "positive reinforcement" refer to?

• Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior

• Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior

• Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior

• Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior

John Watson’s experiment with Little Albert demonstrated the concept of:

• Observational learning

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Cognitive dissonance

In operant conditioning, which type of reinforcement involves removing something unpleasant?

• Positive reinforcement

• Negative reinforcement

• Positive punishment

• Negative punishment

The process of decreasing the frequency of a behavior by pairing it with an aversive stimulus is known as:

• Positive reinforcement

• Negative punishment

• Positive punishment

• Extinction

Who is primarily associated with operant conditioning?

• Ivan Pavlov

• John Watson

• B.F. Skinner

• Edward Thorndike

What is shaping in operant conditioning?

• Punishing a behavior to decrease its occurrence

• Reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior

• Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

• Observing and imitating others

Extinction in classical conditioning occurs when:

• A conditioned response becomes stronger

• A conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

• A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

• Reinforcement is no longer applied