Living Environment Regents Review

For centuries, humans have built dams along rivers to redirect water for power, irrigation, and transportation. Dams can prevent migrating fish from swimming upstream to reproduce and can also disrupt the flow of sediments and nutrients. Communities are starting to eliminate some dams, and the health of the river ecosystems is being restored. This best illustrates that

• technological advances often involve environmental trade-offs

• when humans modify their environment it always has effects that cannot be reversed

• industrialization has had a positive effect on the health of river ecosystems

• the construction of dams affected abiotic factors in the river but not biotic factors

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Wolves help maintain ecosystem stability by keeping herbivore populations in check. What happens if wolves are removed?

• Increase in autotrophs

• Decrease in herbivores

• Increase in biodiversity

• Herbivores take over niches.

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Pelagic red crabs living on the ocean floor have been found to eat small bits of plastic. When they are consumed, these small creatures are passing the plastics along the food chain to predators, including fish consumed by humans. This is of concern because it

• decreases plastic recycling by primary consumers

• increases the risk of harmful substances in our food supply

• decreases the producers in the ecosystem

• increases the biodiversity of the ocean

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Duckweed is a small plant that grows on the surface of still bodies of water. Over a nine-week period, scientists monitored the growth of duckweed in three ditches located on the same farm. The number of duckweed plants increased rapidly during weeks one and two. After two weeks, each ditch was completely covered with a layer of duckweed and remained covered for the remaining seven weeks. A valid conclusion based on the data collected over this nine-week study is that

• animals that eat duckweed have the greatest effect on duckweed population size

• duckweed populations die off after completing a two-week life cycle in the ditch

• only changes in temperature affect duckweed population size

• the size of the duckweed population is kept stable by limited resources in the ditch

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Which substances are required for the production of carbohydrates in green plants?

• oxygen and nitrogen

• carbon and glucose

• carbon dioxide and water

• hydrogen and starch

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Ultraviolet light can alter DNA segments in skin cells. This alteration is an example of

• a mutation

• a replication error

• a transcription error

• a translation error

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Hummingbirds, with their long beaks and tongues, are attracted to long, tubular flowers with a lot of nectar. When a hummingbird consumes the nectar from a flower, pollen sticks to the hummingbird and is transferred when the hummingbird feeds from other flowers. This relationship between the flowers and hummingbirds is a result of

• changes in hummingbirds and flowers in response to their needs

• inheritance of characteristics acquired during their lifetime

• natural selection of beneficial variations

• the environment modifying gene expression

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Mullet eat seagrass and algae. Mullet are ​ (a)   in an estuary.

• primary consumers
• primary producers
• secondary consumers
• tertiary consumers

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The ​ (a)   is where photosynthesis happens

• chloroplast
• mitochondria
• chlorophyll
• nucleus
• cytoplasm

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Which of the following is the correct equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

• CO₂ + light + H₂O --> O₂ + Sugar
• CO₂ + sugar + H₂O --> O₂ + light
• _O2 + light + H₂O --> CO₂ + Sugar
• CO₂ + O₂ + H₂O --> Light+ Sugar

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