Mass percentage formula A / B * 100, whats A and B?

mass of substance, total mass of mixture

CxHy + (O2) > CO2 + H2O In a combustion reaction, all moles of ___________ are converted into CO2 and all moles of ___________ are converted into H2O. If there is oxygen, we can obtain the mass of the oxygen by ____________ the ________ of carbon & hydrogen from the total mass of the ___________. (5 words)

carbon, hydrogen, subtracting, mass, compound

A _________ is an ionic compound that contains water ____________ in its structure. The ________ isn't technically bonded to the _____, which is why a dot is used to separate the formulas of the ______ & the ___________. (6 words)

hydrate, molecules, water, ion, ion, water

Name the electron configuration of the heaviest element, Og.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is an experimental technique that measures the relative _____________ of _______________ in atoms or molecules. These graphs show the relative number of __________ and their corresponding ___________ _____________.

energies, electrons, electrons, binding energies

____________ _____________ is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron or particle in the nucleus from an atom. ____________ _____________ is the amount of energy needed to remove valence electrons from an atom.

Binding energy, ionization energy

________________ is the pull of the nucleus on the valence electrons without regard for distance. __________________ is how strongly a nucleus attracts electrons of another atom.

Effective nuclear charge, electronegativity

When justifying trends, to determine what is affecting attractive forces use the below: a. effective nuclear charge > same _______, diff ________ b. occupied energy levels > same _______, diff ________ Then discuss ___________ _______ and relate property to attractive force.

period, groups, group, periods, Coulombs law

Atomic radius _________ across a period and _________ down a group. Across Period: This is because across a period effective nuclear charge (Zeff )_________ which means attractive force ___________, resulting in smaller radius. Down Group: This is because number of _______ ________ increases, which means distance from nucleus _________________, resulting in __________ ___________ and larger radius.

decreases, increases, increases, increases, energy levels, increases, decreased attraction

Electronegativity ___________ across a period. This is because number of _________ increases, which means effective nuclear charge ____________, which means ______________ __________ of nucleus goes up, resulting in increased attraction for electrons.

increases, protons, increases, attractive forces

Electronegativity ___________ down a group. This is because number of _________ increases, which means distance of ____________ from the nucleus ___________, resulting in decreased attraction for electrons.

decreases, energy levels, electrons, increases

___________ ____________ is the energy change when an electron is added to an atom or atom's likelihood of forming a negative ion. This is usually (endothermic/exothermic) and a (positive/negative) value.

Electron affinity, exothermic, negative

Across a period (→): Electron affinity becomes ______ negative (________attraction for electrons) because of increasing _______ ________. Down a group (↓): Electron affinity becomes ______ negative ( _____ attraction) because of increased atomic ______ and electron _______.

more, stronger, nuclear charge, less, weaker, size, shielding

Electron Affinity trend exceptions: - Be: requires a higher ________ _________ to become available (____) - Group ____: e- ____________in the ____ subshell - Group 18: requires a higher _________ ______ to become available (____)

energy level, 2p, 15, repulsion, 3p, energy level, 3s

First ionization energy ________ across a period. This is because ________ __________ _________ increases, atomic ________ decreases, resulting in a greater ___________ ________. This means theres more energy needed to remove an electron.

increases, effective nuclear charge, radius, Coulombic force

AP Chem Master Review

Authored by Lakshanya Prabhu

Chemistry

9th - 12th Grade

NGSS covered

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FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

A ___ is a device used to separate an element into different isotopes.

FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

A mass spectrometer is used to determine _ __.

FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Explain how a mass spectrometer works:

High-energy bombard a sample, which the atoms by ejecting _. An _____ field is used to separate the _ based on their _ to charge ratio (m/z), and the number of atoms at each m/z value is compiled into a ______. (7 terms)

Answer explanation

Explain how a mass spectrometer works:

High-energy electrons bombard a sample, which ionizes the atoms by ejecting electrons. An electric field is used to separate the ions based on their mass to charge ratio (m/z), and the number of atoms at each m/z value is compiled into a mass spectrum. (7 terms)
electrons, ionizes, electrons, electric, ions, mass, mass spectrum

FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

In a mass spectrometer, ____ isotopes are deflected by more _, heavier ____ experience _ deflection. The abundance of isotopic deflection is then recorded & displayed on a graph. (4 words)

Answer explanation

In a mass spectrometer, lighter isotopes are deflected by more electrons, heavier isotopes experience less deflection. The abundance of isotopic deflection is then recorded & displayed on a graph. (4 words)
lighter, electrons, isotopes, less

FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Fill A & B

Fill C & D

Fill E & F

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AP Chem Master Review

A ___ is a device used to separate an element into different isotopes.

A mass spectrometer is used to determine _ __.

Explain how a mass spectrometer works:

High-energy bombard a sample, which the atoms by ejecting _. An _____ field is used to separate the _ based on their _ to charge ratio (m/z), and the number of atoms at each m/z value is compiled into a ______. (7 terms)

In a mass spectrometer, ____ isotopes are deflected by more _, heavier ____ experience _ deflection. The abundance of isotopic deflection is then recorded & displayed on a graph. (4 words)