The three concepts that form what is often referred to as the CIA triad are ________. These three concepts embody the fundamental security objectives for both data and for information and computing services.

• confidentiality, integrity and availability

• communication, integrity and authentication

• confidentiality, integrity, access control

• communication, information and authenticity

A loss of __________ is the unauthorized disclosure of information.

• authenticity

• confidentiality

• reliability

• integrity

Verifying that users are who they say they are and that each input arriving at the system came from a trusted source is _________.

• authenticity

• credibility

• accountability

• integrity

A __________ is any action that compromises the security of information owned by an organization.

• security attack

• security service

• security alert

• security mechanism

__________ is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks.

• Access control

• Data control

• Nonrepudiation

• Confidentiality

A(n) __________ service is one that protects a system to ensure its availability and addresses the security concerns raised by denial-of-service attacks.

• replay

• availability

• masquerade

• integrity

A(n) __________ is a potential for violation of security, which exists when there is a circumstance, capability, action, or event that could breach security and cause harm.

• threat

• attack

• risk

• attack vector

The protection of the information that might be derived from the observation of traffic flows is _________.

• connectionless confidentiality

• connection confidentiality

• traffic-flow confidentiality

• selective-field confidentiality

Data appended to, or a cryptographic transformation of, a data unit that allows a recipient of the data unit to prove the source and integrity of the data unit and protect against forgery is a(n) __________.

• security audit trail

• digital signature

• encipherment

• authentication exchange

__________ techniques map plaintext elements (characters, bits) into ciphertext elements.

• Transposition

• Substitution

• Traditional

• Symmetric