AP/DE Bio 101 - Bozeman Video Recap - Biogeochemical Cycles

What does the acronym CHNOPS stand for in the context of biogeochemical cycles?

• Calcium, Helium, Neon, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

• Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

• Chlorine, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Potassium, Sodium

• Carbon, Helium, Neon, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sodium

Answer explanation

The acronym CHNOPS represents the six essential elements for life: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. This choice correctly identifies these key elements involved in biogeochemical cycles.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-6

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Why is carbon considered essential for building complex organic materials?

• It has two valence electrons.

• It is a noble gas.

• It has four valence electrons, allowing it to form strong covalent bonds.

• It is a metal and conducts electricity.

Answer explanation

Carbon has four valence electrons, enabling it to form strong covalent bonds with other atoms. This property is crucial for creating complex organic materials, as it allows for diverse molecular structures.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-6

Explain the role of hydrogen in energy transfer during photosynthesis.

• Hydrogen is used to form glucose directly.

• Hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase to produce ATP.

• Hydrogen is a waste product of photosynthesis.

• Hydrogen is not involved in photosynthesis.

Answer explanation

During photosynthesis, hydrogen ions are generated and flow through ATP synthase, driving the production of ATP, which is essential for energy transfer in the process. This highlights the critical role of hydrogen in energy production.

Describe the importance of nitrogen in the formation of amino acids.

• Nitrogen is not involved in amino acid formation.

• Nitrogen is part of the amino group in amino acids.

• Nitrogen is only found in carbohydrates.

• Nitrogen is a component of lipids.

Answer explanation

Nitrogen is crucial in amino acid formation as it is a key component of the amino group (-NH2) found in all amino acids. This group is essential for the structure and function of proteins.

What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

• Oxygen is used to form glucose.

• Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

• Oxygen is a waste product of cellular respiration.

• Oxygen is not involved in cellular respiration.

Answer explanation

Oxygen is crucial in cellular respiration as it serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for the production of ATP. This process is essential for energy production in cells.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-7

How does phosphorus contribute to the structure of DNA?

• Phosphorus is part of the nitrogenous bases.

• Phosphorus forms the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

• Phosphorus is not found in DNA.

• Phosphorus is only found in RNA.

Answer explanation

Phosphorus is a key component of the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, linking the sugar molecules to form the structural framework that supports the nitrogenous bases, thus playing a crucial role in DNA's stability and integrity.

Explain the significance of sulfur in protein structure.

• Sulfur is not involved in protein structure.

• Sulfur forms disulfide bridges that stabilize protein structure.

• Sulfur is a component of carbohydrates.

• Sulfur is only found in lipids.

Answer explanation

Sulfur is crucial in protein structure as it forms disulfide bridges, which are covalent bonds that help stabilize the three-dimensional shape of proteins, enhancing their functionality.

In the water cycle, how does water primarily enter plants?

• Through photosynthesis

• Through their leaves

• Through their roots

• Through their stems

Answer explanation

Water primarily enters plants through their roots, where it is absorbed from the soil. This process is essential for plant growth and is distinct from photosynthesis, which involves the use of sunlight.

Discuss the process by which carbon is returned to the atmosphere in the carbon cycle.

• Through photosynthesis

• Through respiration by plants and animals

• Through nitrogen fixation

• Through precipitation

Answer explanation

Carbon is returned to the atmosphere primarily through respiration by plants and animals, where they convert glucose and oxygen into energy, releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

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NGSS.HS-ESS2-6

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What role do bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

• Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into usable forms for plants.

• Bacteria are not involved in the nitrogen cycle.

• Bacteria convert nitrogen into oxygen.

• Bacteria store nitrogen in the atmosphere.

Answer explanation

Bacteria play a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle by converting nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere into ammonia and other usable forms for plants, which is essential for plant growth and ecosystem health.