Front

a series of military campaigns to establish Christian control over the Holy Land

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Crusades

Front

Addressed Europe by telling the people about what he believed to be a serious threat to Christianity and the Holy Land. He called for knights to launch a crusade, or holy war, to take back Jerusalem.

Back

Pope Urban II

Front

Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem in the Second Crusade

Back

Saladin

Front

King of England who tried to regain control of Jerusalem but failed. Signed a truce with Saladin that allowed Christians access to places they considered to be holy

Back

Richard I

Front

area in the Middle East seen as a place of religious events for Christianity, Islam, and Judaism

Back

Holy Land

Front

the epidemic of the Bubonic Plague (a deadly infection)

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Black Death

Front

conflict between England and France that lasted more than 100 years

Back

Hundred Years War

Front

King of England who made England one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe with winning victories at Agincourt and Normandy

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Henry V

Front

Young girl whose patriotism and spiritual beliefs motivated and unified the French which led to the end of the hundred years war

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Joan of Arc

Front

the movement to drive the Muslims from Spain

Back

Reconquista