Genetics

Which of the following best describes the process of DNA replication?

• DNA replication is a process where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.

• DNA replication is a semi-conservative process where each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.

• DNA replication is a conservative process where the original DNA molecule is preserved, and a completely new molecule is synthesized.

• DNA replication is a process where DNA is converted into proteins.

In a population of organisms, which of the following factors contributes most to genetic variation?

• Cloning

• Asexual reproduction

• Mutations and sexual reproduction

• Binary fission

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NGSS.HS-LS4-2

Using a Punnett square, predict the probability of offspring having a homozygous recessive genotype if both parents are heterozygous for a trait.

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

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Which of the following statements about Mendelian inheritance patterns is true?

• Mendelian inheritance only applies to traits controlled by multiple genes.

• Mendelian inheritance patterns include dominant and recessive traits.

• Mendelian inheritance patterns are not applicable to humans.

• Mendelian inheritance patterns are only observed in plants.

Explain how crossing over during meiosis contributes to genetic variation in a population.

• Crossing over results in the production of identical gametes.

• Crossing over allows for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.

• Crossing over prevents genetic variation by ensuring that all gametes are identical.

• Crossing over occurs during mitosis, not meiosis.

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If a trait is determined by a single gene with two alleles, one dominant (A) and one recessive (a), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring from a cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa)?

• 1:1

• 3:1

• 1:2:1

• 2:2

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Evaluate the following scenario: In a pedigree chart, a trait appears in every generation. What does this suggest about the inheritance pattern of the trait?

• The trait is likely autosomal recessive.

• The trait is likely autosomal dominant.

• The trait is likely X-linked recessive.

• The trait is likely Y-linked.

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for adding nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during replication?

• DNA helicase

• DNA polymerase

• RNA polymerase

• DNA ligase

Consider a population of rabbits where the allele for black fur (B) is dominant over the allele for white fur (b). If 16% of the population is white, what is the frequency of the recessive allele (b) in the population?

• 0.16

• 0.4

• 0.6

• 0.84

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NGSS.HS-LS3-3

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

• Mitosis results in four genetically diverse cells, while meiosis results in two identical cells.

• Mitosis involves two rounds of cell division, while meiosis involves one.

• Mitosis results in two identical cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse cells.

• Mitosis occurs only in gametes, while meiosis occurs in somatic cells.

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