Unit 2 Final Exam Review

Earth is composed of layers of material with different properties. Which of the following is most likely to contain material that is in constant motion?

• core

• mantle

• oceanic crust

• continental crust

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

The chart below contains information on landforms.

Which can be inferred from the information in the chart about boundaries?

• Trenches form at divergent boundaries.

• Underwater ridges form at transform boundaries.

• Faults form only at convergent boundaries.

• Mountain ranges form at convergent boundaries.

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The Mariana islands are volcanic islands that form an arc. The island arc is located in the North Pacific Ocean. These islands were formed by converging tectonic plates.

Which process had to occur in order for these islands to be formed?

• melting of oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridge

• melting of oceanic crust at subduction zones

• production and deposition of magma from hot spots

• production and deposition of magma from rift valleys

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Certain activities occur at different plate boundaries due to movement at the boundary. Which activity would be the main result of two tectonic plates slipping past one another?

• floods

• earthquakes

• island building

• seafloor spreading

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NGSS.MS-ESS3-2

Which geologic feature most likely forms when an oceanic tectonic plate is slowly subducted beneath a continental tectonic plate?

• oceanic trench

• mid-ocean ridge

• continental hot spot

• continental rift valley

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A graph used for determining epicenter distance is shown below.

Suppose a seismograph at an earthquake monitoring station recorded the S wave from an earthquake 4.5 minutes after it received the earthquake’s P wave. Based on the graph, approximately how far is the earthquake’s epicenter from the monitoring station?

• 1200 km

• 2300 km

• 2800 km

• 3400 km

A scientist was examining a large boulder that was covered with lichens (a combination of fungi and algae). He chipped a piece of the rock and placed it under a microscope. He observed that the surface of the rock was breaking down underneath the lichen. Which was the scientist most likely observing?

• the interaction between abiotic factors

• the effects of chemical weathering

• the process of deposition

• the effects of abrasion

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

There are many natural rock formations such as the one shown.

Which two processes most likely removed the center portion of the rock and transported it to another location?

• earthquakes and wind

• tectonic activity and magma

• chemical weathering and glaciers

• mechanical weathering and water

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

Volcanoes release several gases during eruptions. Which of these gases has been shown to cause significant cooling of the climate for one or more years after an eruption?

• water vapor

• sulfur dioxide

• carbon dioxide

• hydrogen fluoride

A team of geologists are studying Earth's layers to understand how the differences in density and temperature influence geological processes. They develop a model to illustrate how these differences drive mantle convection and tectonic plate movements.

Based on the geologists' model, which of the following best explains the primary source of heat that drives mantle convection?

• The heat that drives mantle convection comes from the sun and is absorbed by Earth's surface.

• The primary source of heat for mantle convection is the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes in the crust and mantle, which causes density-driven motions.

• Friction from tectonic plate collisions, due to varying densities, generates heat that drives mantle convection.

• Heat from the inner core spreads outward through the mantle, driving mantle convection and tectonic plate movements.

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