Which of the following is the primary characteristic of reversible cellular injury?

• Irreparable damage to mitochondria

• Loss of cell membrane integrity

• Cellular swelling and fatty change

• Severe DNA fragmentation

What is the most likely outcome if a cell's mitochondrial function is irreversibly damaged?

• Recovery with normal function

• ATP depletion and necrosis

• Cellular hypertrophy

• Induction of autophagy

Which of the following histopathological changes is most likely seen in cells undergoing reversible injury?

• Karyolysis

• Nuclear pyknosis

• Cellular swelling

• Fragmentation of cytoplasmic organelles

In which of the following conditions would you most likely observe irreversible cell injury?

• Mild hypoxia corrected by increased oxygen supply

• Moderate oxidative stress with antioxidant defense

• Severe ischemia leading to energy depletion and membrane damage

• Sublethal chemical exposure

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the morphological changes seen in irreversible cell injury?

• Activation of apoptosis pathways

• Accumulation of intracellular calcium

• Oxygen radical formation

• Activation of heat shock proteins

Which of the following is a feature of irreversible cell injury?

• Cell membrane permeability alterations

• Cytoplasmic vacuolization

• Protein synthesis inhibition

• Mitochondrial swelling

The primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis is that necrosis:

• Involves caspase activation

• Leads to inflammation and is always pathological

• Is a programmed and regulated process

• Involves shrinkage of the cell and organelles

Which of the following best describes the outcome of a cell in reversible injury after the damaging stimulus is removed?

• Permanent cell death

• Return to normal structure and function

• Progressive damage and necrosis

• Activation of immune-mediated damage

In irreversible cell injury, what is the role of lysosomal enzymes?

• Activation of apoptotic pathways

• Degradation of damaged cell components

• Enhancement of mitochondrial function

• Facilitation of cellular repair mechanisms

A cell that has undergone irreversible injury typically exhibits which of the following changes?

• Reduced mitochondrial swelling

• Activation of DNA repair mechanisms

• Necrosis and nuclear fragmentation

• Increased ATP production