Argument Writing Exam Study Guide

Identify the writer's claim: [1] In 2019, California generated over 51 million tons of waste, much of which ended up in landfills. Despite efforts to promote recycling, only about 42% of this waste was recycled, according to the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery. [2] Meanwhile, single-use plastics, which take hundreds of years to decompose, continue to be a significant contributor to pollution in oceans and on land. Over 90% of plastic waste is never recycled, ending up in ecosystems where it harms wildlife and contaminates water supplies. [3] California must take stronger action to reduce waste and plastic pollution. Current recycling systems are insufficient, and more aggressive policies, such as banning certain plastics and incentivizing reusable alternatives, are necessary to protect the environment.

• California generates a large amount of waste annually.

• Plastic waste is the main contributor to global pollution.

• California must take stronger action to reduce waste and plastic pollution.

• Recycling rates in California are higher than in most other states.

What reason below best supports the following claim? The U.S. should prioritize reducing food waste to combat hunger.

• Food waste contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, harming the environment.

• One-third of all food produced globally is wasted, while millions of people go hungry.

• Reducing food waste can help lower grocery costs for consumers.

• Countries with less food waste tend to have higher life expectancy rates.

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As shown in paragraph 4, what is the purpose of including a counterclaim (underlined)? [4] Renewable energy sources like wind and solar are often criticized for being unreliable since they depend on weather conditions. However, advancements in energy storage technology, such as large-scale batteries, are addressing these issues. Moreover, fossil fuels, while reliable, are major contributors to climate change and pollution. Transitioning to renewable energy is crucial for creating a sustainable future.

• To highlight flaws in renewable energy sources

• To acknowledge the other side’s argument

• To convince the reader that fossil fuels are better

• To argue that weather conditions prevent renewable energy from succeeding

How does including a counterclaim strengthen the author's argument?

• It shows the author has thoroughly researched the topic and understands differing opinions.

• It convinces the reader that only the author’s argument is valid.

• It weakens the opposing viewpoint by not addressing it directly.

• It suggests that the reader should ignore the opposing viewpoint completely.

In the paragraph below, evaluate the strength of the evidence the author used to support their counterclaim. Why is the research in that paragraph credible? Despite the growing concern over climate change, some argue that the cost of switching to renewable energy is too high. However, research from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) reveals that the cost of solar energy has dropped by 89% over the past decade, making it more affordable than ever. Furthermore, IRENA estimates that investing in renewable energy could save the global economy $160 trillion by 2050 due to lower health costs, job creation, and avoided climate damage.

• It uses data from a reputable international organization and includes specific figures.

• It mentions a local expert to support the argument.

• It presents an opinion without supporting data.

• It relies on anecdotal evidence from an individual.

In the passage below, how do the statistics and facts support the author's argument? [1] In 2020, the city of Chicago spent $100 million on a new basketball arena, making it one of the most expensive public projects in the state. The arena was built with taxpayer money, yet many schools in the area struggle with outdated facilities and lack of resources. [2] The Chicago Public Schools system faces a budget shortfall of $300 million, with over 100 schools still operating in buildings over 50 years old. Meanwhile, the city continues to invest heavily in sports venues, with taxpayers contributing to the costs. [3] This misallocation of funds reflects a deeper issue of priorities. If Chicago’s education system were properly funded, it could provide better resources for students, improve facilities, and even reduce class sizes. Investing in education should be the city's top priority, not in arenas for professional teams.

• A. They present data that highlights the city's priorities and the impact on education.

• B. They show how sports venues help improve the community.

• C. They emphasize the author's personal opinion on sports.

• D. They focus on the cost of building schools, not sports venues.

Which of the following is factual evidence with data?

• According to a recent study, 60% of adults in the U.S. support increasing funding for public schools.

• Without education, the foundation of a nation’s success will slowly erode.

• Ensuring proper education for every citizen is the key to long-term economic prosperity.

• Experts argue that education is the backbone of a thriving democracy and nation-building.

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Which of the following shows anecdotal evidence?

• Studies show that increasing funding for public schools leads to better student performance.

• A teacher shared a story of how new classroom resources improved student engagement.

• Reports indicate that the national average for teacher salaries has increased by 4% over the past five years.

• The government allocates $50 billion annually to education programs across the country.

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Consider the following research topic: Preparing your home for a hurricane. Which web page would likely include the most relevant information about this topic?

• How to Stock Your Pantry for a Long Emergency: Tips and Tricks

• Hurricane Preparation 101: Creating a Safe Shelter for Your Family and Pets

• A Guide to Building Stronger Foundations: Protecting Your Home from Earthquakes

• How to Choose the Best Beach for Hurricane Season: A Traveler's Guide

Consider the following research topic: The impact of social media on teenage mental health. Which book would likely include the most relevant information about this topic?

• The Social Media Effect: Understanding the Impact on Teens

• Digital Detox: Reclaiming Your Life from Technology

• Parenting in the Digital Age: Strategies for Success

• The Psychology of Social Networks: How They Shape Our Lives