CH26 Mastering Biology

Which of the following taxonomic categories contains all the others listed​ here?

• class

• species

• genus

• family

• order

In the​ figure, which similarly inclusive taxon is represented as descending from the same common ancestor as​ Canidae?

• Carnivora

• Mustelidae

• Lutra

• Felidae

In the phylogenetic trees​ shown, each number represents a unique species of organisms. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not represented as sister species in Tree​ 1?

• 2 and 3

• 4 and 5

• 1 and 2

• 3 and 4

Which of the following statements describes a difference between the taxonomic levels of the hierarchical classification​ system?

• how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment

• the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each

• their inclusiveness

• morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms

In which type of classification system are names assigned only to groups that include a common ancestor and all of its​ descendants?

• a system that groups organisms based solely on similar morphologies

• a system based solely on cellular structures

• a system based entirely on evolutionary history

• a system that groups organisms based on similar roles in the environment

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the model of evolutionary relatedness represented in the phylogenetic​ tree?

• Salamanders are more closely related to lizards than they are to humans.

• Goats and humans are the only sister group in this tree.

• Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing​ lizards, goats, and humans.

• Goats are more closely related to salamanders than they are to humans.

The following phylogeny shows six living species​ (a-f) and five ancestral​ (now extinct) species​ (1-5). If the phylogeny had been developed on the basis of similarities in bone​ structure, which of the following predictions would you make in terms of the structure of a particular​ enzyme?

• The enzyme of species c is very similar to that of species d.

• The enzymes of species a and b are the same as that of ancestor 2.

• The enzymes of species b and c are more similar to ancestor 4 than to ancestor 2

• The enzymes of species b and f are very similar.

Based on the phylogenetic tree shown​ here, which statement is​ correct?

• Birds are as closely related to squirrels as they are to humans.

• Squirrels are more closely related to chimpanzees than they are to humans.

• Humans originated from chimpanzees.

• Salamanders are most closely related to lizards.

Some beetles and flies have​ antler-like structures on their​ heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in​ beetle, fly, and deer species with strong​ male-male competition is an example of which of the​ following?

• similarity due to shared ancestry

• parsimony

• convergent evolution

• homology

Systematists have used a wide variety of traits​ (characters) to reconstruct the phylogenies of particular groups of organisms. Which of the following types of characters are used to estimate a​ phylogeny?

• amino acid sequence characters

• morphological characters and DNA sequence characters

• behavioral characters

• morphological characters

• DNA sequence characters