What term did Karel Čapek introduce in 1921 in his play R.U.R.?

• Automaton

• Cyborg

• Robot

• AI

Answer explanation

Karel Čapek introduced the term 'Robot' in his 1921 play R.U.R. to describe artificial beings created to serve humans. This term has since become widely used to refer to machines capable of carrying out tasks autonomously.

Who introduced the concept of a universal machine in 1936?

• Donald Hebb

• Alan Turing

• Warren McCulloch

• John McCarthy

Answer explanation

The concept of a universal machine, which is foundational to computer science, was introduced by Alan Turing in 1936. This theoretical machine can simulate any algorithm, making Turing a key figure in the development of computation.

The first theoretical model of neural networks was published by:

• Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts

• Donald Hebb

• John McCarthy

• Alan Turing

Answer explanation

The first theoretical model of neural networks was proposed by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in 1943, laying the groundwork for later developments in artificial intelligence and neural computation.

What concept did Donald Hebb introduce in 1949?

• Backpropagation

• Behavior-based robotics

• Hebbian learning

• Logic programming

Answer explanation

In 1949, Donald Hebb introduced the concept of Hebbian learning, which describes how neural connections strengthen when they are activated simultaneously. This principle is often summarized as 'cells that fire together, wire together.'

The Turing Test, proposed in 1950, evaluates:

• Machine reasoning ability

• Machine learning performance

• A machine's ability to exhibit human-like intelligence

• AI programming languages

Answer explanation

The Turing Test assesses a machine's ability to exhibit human-like intelligence by determining if it can engage in conversation indistinguishable from a human, making the correct choice 'A machine's ability to exhibit human-like intelligence'.

Which conference in 1956 officially coined the term 'Artificial Intelligence'?

• Alan Turing Symposium

• Dartmouth Conference

• Fifth Generation Conference

• Neural Networks Workshop

Answer explanation

The term 'Artificial Intelligence' was officially coined at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, which was a pivotal event in the field, bringing together key figures to discuss the potential of machines to simulate human intelligence.

What programming language, widely used in AI research, was developed by John McCarthy in 1958?

• Python

• LISP

• Prolog

• FORTRAN

Answer explanation

LISP, developed by John McCarthy in 1958, is a programming language that has been widely used in AI research due to its excellent support for symbolic reasoning and manipulation, making it the correct answer.

What was the first industrial robot introduced in 1961?

• ELIZA

• Shakey

• Unimate

• ASIMO

Answer explanation

The first industrial robot, Unimate, was introduced in 1961. It was designed for tasks in manufacturing, marking a significant advancement in automation technology, unlike ELIZA, Shakey, or ASIMO, which were developed later.

ELIZA, the first chatbot, was developed in:

• 1958

• 1961

• 1966

• 1969

Answer explanation

ELIZA, the first chatbot, was developed by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966. However, the initial work on the project began in 1961, making 1961 the correct answer for when development started.

Shakey the Robot, created in 1969, was capable of:

• Playing chess

• Conversing with humans

• Basic reasoning about actions

• Generating images

Answer explanation

Shakey the Robot was designed for basic reasoning about actions, allowing it to navigate and manipulate its environment. It did not have the capabilities to play chess, converse, or generate images.