Phototransduction and Visual Processing

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina, and how do their functions differ?

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How do rods and cones respond to different levels of light?

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• What is the role of rhodopsin in rods, and how does photoisomerization initiate the phototransduction cascade?

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Answer explanation

1. What is photopigment bleaching, and what causes it?

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How is all-trans-retinal converted back into 11-cis-retinal?

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1. How does vitamin A deficiency affect photopigment recycling?

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• What roles do horizontal and amacrine cells play in visual signal processing?

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• What happens to the visual signal from the optic nerve to the optic chiasm and optic tracts?

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What types of information are processed in the primary visual cortex (V1)?

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