Phototransduction and Visual Processing

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina, and how do their functions differ?

How do rods and cones respond to different levels of light?

• What is the role of rhodopsin in rods, and how does photoisomerization initiate the phototransduction cascade?

Answer explanation

1. What is photopigment bleaching, and what causes it?

How is all-trans-retinal converted back into 11-cis-retinal?

1. How does vitamin A deficiency affect photopigment recycling?

• What roles do horizontal and amacrine cells play in visual signal processing?

• What happens to the visual signal from the optic nerve to the optic chiasm and optic tracts?

What types of information are processed in the primary visual cortex (V1)?