International Cultures and Language

What is the term for the ability to function in two languages?

• Monolingualism

• Bilingualism

• Dialects

• Co-cultures

Answer explanation

The term for the ability to function in two languages is 'Bilingualism'. Monolingualism refers to speaking one language, while dialects are variations of a language, and co-cultures refer to groups within a larger culture.

Which term describes the informal or conversational speech in a community?

• Colloquialisms

• Formal standard

• Nonstandard dialect

• Signed English

Answer explanation

Colloquialisms refer to informal or conversational speech used within a community, making it the correct choice. The other options, like formal standard and signed English, do not describe informal speech.

What does 'Additive bilingualism' refer to?

• Learning a second language that replaces the first

• The use of two languages as media of instruction

• When two languages are of equal value and neither dominates

• The ability to speak only one language

Answer explanation

'Additive bilingualism' refers to a situation where two languages are valued equally, allowing individuals to use both without one dominating the other. This contrasts with subtractive bilingualism, where the second language replaces the first.

Which term is used for a natural language developed and used by persons who are deaf, utilizing a system of manual gestures?

• Signed English

• American Sign Language (ASL)

• Sheltered English immersion

• Transitional programs

Answer explanation

American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language used by the deaf community, employing manual gestures for communication. It is distinct from Signed English, which is a representation of English using signs.

What does 'Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)' refer to?

• Basic, everyday conversational skills

• The higher levels of proficiency required in highly structured academic situations

• The process of English language acquisition structured so that nearly all instruction is in English

• A dialect used by many African Americans

Answer explanation

Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) refers to the higher levels of proficiency required in highly structured academic situations, distinguishing it from basic conversational skills.

Which initiative, passed by California voters in 1998, required all language minority students to be educated in sheltered English immersion programs?

• Proposition 227

• Official English

• Transitional programs

• Bilingual Education Act

Answer explanation

Proposition 227, passed by California voters in 1998, mandated that all language minority students be taught in sheltered English immersion programs, effectively replacing bilingual education.

What is the term for variations of a language usually determined by region or social class?

• Dialects

• Accents

• Colloquialisms

• Nonstandard dialects

Answer explanation

The term 'dialects' refers to variations of a language that are influenced by regional or social class differences. Accents pertain to pronunciation, while colloquialisms are informal expressions, making 'dialects' the correct choice.

Which term refers to the art or science of teaching, including instructional strategies and methods?

• Pedagogy

• Bilingualism

• Sheltered English immersion

• Cognitive academic language proficiency

Answer explanation

The term 'Pedagogy' refers to the art or science of teaching, encompassing various instructional strategies and methods. It is the correct choice as it directly relates to the practice of education.

What does 'Monolingualism' mean?

• The ability to speak only one language

• The ability to function in two languages

• The use of two languages as media of instruction

• A dialect of the same language that is not considered standard

Answer explanation

'Monolingualism' refers to the ability to speak only one language, distinguishing it from bilingualism, which involves functioning in two languages. Thus, the correct choice is the ability to speak only one language.

Which term describes a process of English language acquisition structured so that nearly all instruction is in English, as mandated by California Proposition 227?

• Sheltered English immersion

• English as a Second Language (ESL)

• Transitional programs

• Signed English

Answer explanation

Sheltered English immersion is a method of English language acquisition where instruction is primarily in English, aligning with California Proposition 227's mandate for English immersion in schools.