Gunpowder Empires, Exploration, and Isolation

In the three centuries after Columbus’ voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions?

• (A) Southern Europe
• (B) Northern Europe
• (C) Western Africa
• (D) Eastern Africa

The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 1 was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following?

• (A) The Mughal Empire’s scientific achievements
• (B) The expanding power of the Mughal Empire
• (C) The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites
• (D) The Mughal Empire’s control of global trade networks

Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth andsixteenth centuries?

• (A) The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies.
• (B) Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer.
• (C) Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their rivals political
• (D) The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovations

The activities of Inez de Leyria’s father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusionsabout the period 1450–1750 C.E.?

• (A) The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.
• (B) The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China.
• (C) Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China.
• (D) The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.

The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was mostlikely an effect of which of the following?

• A) Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China.
• (B) Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China.
• (C) Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.
• (D) Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.

Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire’s successful expansion in Europe and theMiddle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ?

• (A) The Ottomans’ use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army
• (B) The Ottomans’ use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops
• (C) The Ottomans’ adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology
• (D) The Ottomans’ exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades

The photograph above of a sixteenth-century Mughal mosque in India built by Akbar is an example of which of the following?

• (A) Emergence of capitalist economies
• (B) Expansion of coercive labor systems
• (C) Creation of a global trade network
• (D) Cultural syncretism

Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following factors contributed most directly to the MughalEmpire’s territorial expansion in South Asia?

• (A) The Mughals’ adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons
• (B) The Mughals’ adoption of Sikhism
• (C) The Mughals’ friendly relations with neighboring states, such as the Safavid Empire and Tibet
• (D) The Mughal emperors’ claims that they were directly descended from Genghis Khan

Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following?

• (A) Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy
• (B) An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves
• (C) The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government
• (D) Continual military campaigns against European armies

Taken together, the two images best support which of the following claims regarding developments in the periodfrom 1450 to 1750 ?

• (A) European military technology was inferior to Asian military technology.
• (B) Rulers served as military commanders and typically led armies into battle themselves.
• (C) Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires.
• (D) Religious divisions were not a significant source of military conflict.