What are the primary functions of an operating system?

• Providing internet connectivity

• Managing user passwords and security settings

• Running applications directly on hardware

• The primary functions of an operating system include managing hardware resources, providing a user interface, facilitating file management, and enabling multitasking.

Name three types of system calls.

• user interface

• file management, process control, network communication

• data encryption

• memory allocation

What is the main purpose of a microkernel architecture?

• To create a single monolithic system for better performance.

• To eliminate the need for any operating system components.

• To ensure all hardware is directly managed by the kernel.

• To provide a minimal core system that allows for greater modularity and flexibility.

Describe the layered approach in operating system design.

• The layered approach combines hardware and software into a single layer.

• The layered approach eliminates the need for user interfaces in operating systems.

• The layered approach focuses solely on improving system performance without considering modularity.

• The layered approach organizes the operating system into distinct layers, enhancing modularity and maintainability.

What is the role of system services in an operating system?

• System services are only responsible for user interface design.

• System services primarily focus on data storage and retrieval.

• System services manage hardware resources and provide essential functions for software applications.

• System services are used exclusively for network communication.

List two advantages of using a microkernel.

• Increased complexity due to more components.

• Limited compatibility with existing applications.

• 1. Improved stability and security due to isolation of services. 2. Easier updates and maintenance of system components.

• Faster performance due to fewer context switches.

What happens during the system boot process?

• The system boot process only loads user applications.

• The system boot process shuts down all hardware components.

• The system boot process initializes hardware, loads the bootloader, and starts the operating system.

• The system boot process formats the hard drive.

Explain the difference between user mode and kernel mode.

• Kernel mode is used for user applications; user mode is for system processes.

• User mode is for applications with limited privileges; kernel mode is for the operating system with full access.

• User mode allows full access to hardware; kernel mode restricts access.

• User mode and kernel mode are the same, both have equal privileges.

What are the key components of a layered operating system?

• Hardware layer, kernel layer, system call interface, user interface, application layer

• File system layer

• Database layer

• Network layer

How do system calls facilitate communication between user applications and the operating system?

• System calls are used to directly manipulate hardware components.

• System calls are only relevant for network communication.

• System calls eliminate the need for user applications to interact with the operating system.

• System calls provide a controlled interface for user applications to request services from the operating system.