What is the primary force responsible for local scour around bridge piers?

• Gravity

• Buoyancy

• Fluid drag

• Surface tension

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing local scour depth?

• Water velocity

• Sediment size and shape

• Bridge pier shape

• Air temperature

What is the primary goal of scour countermeasures?

• Increase water velocity

• Reduce water velocity

• Increase sediment deposition

• Increase turbulence

Where does boundary layer separation typically occur on a streamlined body?

• At the leading edge

• At the trailing edge

• On the top surface

• On the bottom surface

How streamline patterns are typically visualized?

• Using dye injection

• Using temperature sensors

• Using pressure transducers

• Using acoustic Doppler velocimeters

What does the presence of a stagnation point indicate in a streamline pattern?

• High velocity

• Low velocity

• Zero velocity

• Changing flow direction

What is vorticity a measure of?

• Fluid pressure

• Fluid velocity

• Fluid rotation

• Fluid density

How is circulation related to vorticity?

• Circulation is the line integral of vorticity

• Vorticity is the line integral of circulation

• Circulation and vorticity are independent

• Circulation is the square of vorticity

Which of the following is NOT a common turbulence parameter?

• Reynolds number

• Turbulent kinetic energy

• Turbulent shear stress

• Sediment concentration

What does a high Reynolds number generally indicate?

• Laminar flow

• Turbulent flow

• Low flow velocity

• High viscosity