Loftus and Palmer findings and conclusions

What was the main finding of Loftus and Palmer's study regarding the effect of changing a single word in a question?

• It has no effect on a witness's answer.

• It can influence or bias a witness's response.

• It improves the accuracy of a witness's memory.

• It makes witnesses more confident in their answers.

According to Loftus and Palmer, what is one reason why different speed estimates occur?

• The critical word makes the question easier to understand.

• The critical word influences or biases a person's response.

• The critical word is irrelevant to the question.

• The critical word is too complex for participants.

How does the critical word affect a person's memory according to Loftus and Palmer?

• It makes the memory more detailed.

• It alters the memory, affecting perception of the event.

• It has no effect on memory.

• It improves the accuracy of the memory.

In Experiment Two, Part One, what was observed about speed estimations in the 'smashed' condition?

• Participants gave lower speed estimations.

• Participants gave higher speed estimations.

• Participants gave the same speed estimations as other conditions.

• Participants refused to estimate speed.

In Experiment Two, Part Two, what were participants in the 'smashed' condition more likely to report?

• Seeing a pedestrian crossing.

• Seeing broken glass.

• Seeing a traffic light.

• Seeing a police officer.

What was the mean speed estimate for the group given the word 'smashed' in Experiment One?

• 31.8 mph

• 35.5 mph

• 40.8 mph

• 45.2 mph

What was the mean speed estimate for the group given the word 'contacted' in Experiment One?

• 28.5 mph

• 31.8 mph

• 35.0 mph

• 40.8 mph

Which of the following best describes the 'response-bias factors' mentioned by Loftus and Palmer?

• Factors that improve memory recall.

• Factors that influence a person's response without altering memory.

• Factors that have no impact on responses.

• Factors that make questions more difficult to answer.

What does the term 'memory representation is altered' imply in the context of Loftus and Palmer's study?

• The memory becomes more accurate.

• The memory is unchanged.

• The memory is altered, affecting perception of the event.

• The memory is erased.

Which critical word led participants to perceive the accident as more serious in Loftus and Palmer's study?

• Contacted

• Hit

• Smashed

• Bumped