Professional Machine Learning Engineer 101-150

101. You are developing an ML model intended to classify whether X-ray images indicate bone fracture risk. You have trained a ResNet architecture on Vertex AI using a TPU as an accelerator, however you are unsatisfied with the training time and memory usage. You want to quickly iterate your training code but make minimal changes to the code. You also want to minimize impact on the model’s accuracy. What should you do?

• A. Reduce the number of layers in the model architecture.
• B. Reduce the global batch size from 1024 to 256.
• C. Reduce the dimensions of the images used in the model.
• D. Configure your model to use bfloat16 instead of float32.

102. You have successfully deployed to production a large and complex TensorFlow model trained on tabular data. You want to predict the lifetime value (LTV) field for each subscription stored in the BigQuery table named subscription. subscriptionPurchase in the project named my￾fortune500-company-project. You have organized all your training code, from preprocessing data from the BigQuery table up to deploying the validated model to the Vertex AI endpoint, into a TensorFlow Extended (TFX) pipeline. You want to prevent prediction drift, i.e., a situation when a feature data distribution in production changes significantly over time. What should you do?

• A. Implement continuous retraining of the model daily using Vertex AI Pipelines.
• B. Add a model monitoring job where 10% of incoming predictions are sampled 24 hours.
• C. Add a model monitoring job where 90% of incoming predictions are sampled 24 hours.
• D. Add a model monitoring job where 10% of incoming predictions are sampled every hour.

103. You recently developed a deep learning model using Keras, and now you are experimenting with different training strategies. First, you trained the model using a single GPU, but the training process was too slow. Next, you distributed the training across 4 GPUs using tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy (with no other changes), but you did not observe a decrease in training time. What should you do?

• A. Distribute the dataset with tf.distribute.Strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset
• B. Create a custom training loop.
• C. Use a TPU with tf.distribute.TPUStrategy.
• D. Increase the batch size.

104. You work for a gaming company that has millions of customers around the world. All games offer a chat feature that allows players to communicate with each other in real time. Messages can be typed in more than 20 languages and are translated in real time using the Cloud Translation API. You have been asked to build an ML system to moderate the chat in real time while assuring that the performance is uniform across the various languages and without changing the serving infrastructure. You trained your first model using an in-house word2vec model for embedding the chat messages translated by the Cloud Translation API. However, the model has significant differences in performance across the different languages. How should you improve it?

• A. Add a regularization term such as the Min-Diff algorithm to the loss function.
• B. Train a classifier using the chat messages in their original language.
• C. Replace the in-house word2vec with GPT-3 or T5.
• D. Remove moderation for languages for which the false positive rate is too high.

105. You work for a gaming company that develops massively multiplayer online (MMO) games. You built a TensorFlow model that predicts whether players will make in-app purchases of more than $10 in the next two weeks. The model’s predictions will be used to adapt each user’s game experience. User data is stored in BigQuery. How should you serve your model while optimizing cost, user experience, and ease of management?

• A. Import the model into BigQuery ML. Make predictions using batch reading data from BigQuery, and push the data to Cloud SQL
• B. Deploy the model to Vertex AI Prediction. Make predictions using batch reading data from Cloud Bigtable, and push the data to Cloud SQL.
• C. Embed the model in the mobile application. Make predictions after every in-app purchase event is published in Pub/Sub, and push the data to Cloud SQL.
• D. Embed the model in the streaming Dataflow pipeline. Make predictions after every in-app purchase event is published in Pub/Sub, and push the data to Cloud SQL.

106. You are building a linear regression model on BigQuery ML to predict a customer’s likelihood of purchasing your company’s products. Your model uses a city name variable as a key predictive component. In order to train and serve the model, your data must be organized in columns. You want to prepare your data using the least amount of coding while maintaining the predictable variables. What should you do?

• A. Use TensorFlow to create a categorical variable with a vocabulary list. Create the vocabulary file, and upload it as part of your model to BigQuery ML.
• B. Create a new view with BigQuery that does not include a column with city information
• C. Use Cloud Data Fusion to assign each city to a region labeled as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and then use that number to represent the city in the model.
• D. Use Dataprep to transform the state column using a one-hot encoding method, and make each city a column with binary values.

107. You are an ML engineer at a bank that has a mobile application. Management has asked you to build an ML-based biometric authentication for the app that verifies a customer’s identity based on their fingerprint. Fingerprints are considered highly sensitive personal information and cannot be downloaded and stored into the bank databases. Which learning strategy should you recommend to train and deploy this ML mode?

• A. Data Loss Prevention API
• B. Federated learning
• C. MD5 to encrypt data
• D. Differential privacy

108. You are experimenting with a built-in distributed XGBoost model in Vertex AI Workbench user-managed notebooks. You use BigQuery to split your data into training and validation sets using the following queries: CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE ‘myproject.mydataset.training‘ AS (SELECT * FROM ‘myproject.mydataset.mytable‘ WHERE RAND() <= 0.8); CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE ‘myproject.mydataset.validation‘ AS (SELECT * FROM ‘myproject.mydataset.mytable‘ WHERE RAND() <= 0.2); After training the model, you achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC) value of 0.8, but after deploying the model to production, you notice that your model performance has dropped to an AUC ROC value of 0.65. What problem is most likely occurring?

• A. There is training-serving skew in your production environment.
• B. There is not a sufficient amount of training data.
• C. The tables that you created to hold your training and validation records share some records, and you may not be using all the data in your initial table.
• D. The RAND() function generated a number that is less than 0.2 in both instances, so every record in the validation table will also be in the training table.

109. During batch training of a neural network, you notice that there is an oscillation in the loss. How should you adjust your model to ensure that it converges?

• A. Decrease the size of the training batch.
• B. Decrease the learning rate hyperparameter.
• C. Increase the learning rate hyperparameter.
• D. Increase the size of the training batch.

110. You work for a toy manufacturer that has been experiencing a large increase in demand. You need to build an ML model to reduce the amount of time spent by quality control inspectors checking for product defects. Faster defect detection is a priority. The factory does not have reliable Wi￾Fi. Your company wants to implement the new ML model as soon as possible. Which model should you use?

• A. AutoML Vision Edge mobile-high-accuracy-1 model
• B. AutoML Vision Edge mobile-low-latency-1 model
• C. AutoML Vision model
• D. AutoML Vision Edge mobile-versatile-1 model