Describe the orientation of the phospholipids in the membrane.

Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophilic heads on exterior

Phospholipids orient in monolayer with hydrophilic head on extracellular

Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophobic tails on exterior

Phospholipids orient in monolayer with hydrophobic tails on extracellular

How is DNA/RNA synthesis directionally oriented?

new nucleotides are added to 3' hydroxyl

new nucleotides are added to 5' phosphate

new nucleotides are added to 3' phosphate

new nucleotides are added to 5' hydroxyl

How is DNA/RNA synthesis directionally oriented?

new nucleotides are added to 3' hydroxyl

new nucleotides are added to 5' phosphate

new nucleotides are added to 3' phosphate

new nucleotides are added to 5' hydroxyl

Identify the pairing and number of bonds in DNA double helix

A pairs with T (2 bonds) & G pairs with C (3 bonds)

A pairs with G (2 bonds) & T pairs with C (3 bonds)

A pairs with T (3 bonds) & G pairs with C (2 bonds)

A pairs with G (3 bonds) & T pairs with C (2 bonds)

In addition to a plasma membrane, a eukaryotic cell has organelles, such as mitochondria, that also have membranes. In which way would these membranes differ?

The proportion of phosphate within the phospholipids will vary.

Only certain membranes contain phospholipids.

Only certain membranes are selectively permeable.

The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates will vary.

Which characteristic of a phospholipid, shown here, increases the fluidity of the membrane?

double bonds in the fatty acid tail

How would an organism maintain membrane fluidity in an environment where temperatures fluctuated from very high to very low?

Greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in membranes.

Greater proportion of saturated phospholipids in membranes.

Greater proportion of carbohydrates in membranes.

Greater proportion of proteins in membranes.

According to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma cell membrane, what is the location of carbohydrates in the cell membranes?

Carbohydrates are in contact with the aqueous fluid both inside and outside the cell.

Carbohydrates are present only on the interior surface of a membrane.

Carbohydrates are present only on the exterior surface of a membrane.

Carbohydates span only the interior of a membrane.

Which of the following is an example of passive transport across a membrane?

the uptake of glucose in the intestine

the movement of H+ into a thylakoid disc during photosynthesis

the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants

the movement of water from the descending loop of a nephron into the interstitium

Water moves via osmosis across plasma cell membranes in which direction?

from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration

from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one

from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration.

What problem is faced by organisms that live in fresh water?

Without compensating mechanisms, their bodies tend to take in too much water.

They will have higher concentrations of body solutes.

They have no way of controlling their tonicity.

Their bodies tend to lose too much water to their environment.

Why must active transport of molecules across plasma membranes function continuously?

Diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions.

Diffusion cannot occur in certain cells.

Facilitated diffusion works in the same direction as active transport.

Not all membranes are amphiphilic.

How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged?

by expelling more cations than it takes in

by taking in and expelling an equal number of cations

What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis?

It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.

It is disassembled by the cell.

It is used again in another exocytosis event.

Why do phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into something resembling a membrane such as the lipid-bilayer sphere, single-layer lipid sphere, and lipid-bilayer sheet?

Phospholipids are amphipathic (having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts) molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails.

Phospholipids are lipophilic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails (lipophillic = tending to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats)

Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. The nonpolar head faces towards other fatty acid tails and the polar fatty acid tails face towards water.

Phospholipids are hydrophilic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails.

The fluid mosaic model described the plasma membrane, seen here, as a mosaic of components. Why is it advantageous for the plasma membrane to be fluid in nature?

Fluidity helps in providing mechanical strength to the plasma membrane.

Fluidity allows greater flexibility to the cell and motion of membrane components required for transport.

Fluidity helps only in transport of some materials, and does not contribute to the flexibility.

Fluidity helps in maintaining the pH of intracellular fluid, and helps in maintaining the physiological pH of the cell.

Which explanation identifies how the following affect the rate of diffusion: molecular size, temperature, solution density, and the distance that must be traveled?

Larger molecules move slower than lighter molecules. Increasing or decreasing temperature increases or decreases the energy in the medium, affecting molecular movement. Density is inversely proportional to molecular movement. Greater distance slows the diffusion.

Larger molecules move faster than lighter molecules. Temperature affects the molecular movement. Density is directly proportional to the molecular movement. Greater distance slows the diffusion.

Larger molecules move slower than lighter molecules. Temperature does not affect the rate of diffusion. Density is inversely proportional to molecular movement. Greater distance speeds up the diffusion.

Larger molecules move slower than lighter molecules. Increasing or decreasing temperature increases or decreases the energy in the medium, affecting molecular movement. Density is inversely proportional to the molecular movement. Greater distance speeds up the diffusion.

Both of the regular intravenous solutions administered in medicine, normal saline and lactated Ringer’s solution, are isotonic, such as seen in the middle image here. Why is this important?

Isotonic solutions maintain equilibrium and avoid the exchange of materials to or from the blood.

Isotonic solutions disrupt equilibrium and allow better exchange of materials in the blood.

Isotonic solutions increase the pH of blood and allow better absorption of saline in blood.

Isotonic solutions decrease the pH of the blood and avoid the exchange of materials to or from the blood.

If a doctor injected a patient with what was labeled as an isotonic saline solution, but then the patient died, and an autopsy revealed that several of the patient's red blood cells had burst, such as in the image on the right, would it be true that the injected solution was really isotonic? Why or why not?

False, the solution was hypotonic.

False, the solution was hypertonic.

False, the solution was osmotic.

True, the solution was isotonic.

The sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump functions like an anti-porter transporting Na+ and K+ across membranes using ATP. This protein spans the membrane with intracellular and extracellular domains. It has a binding site for Na+, K+, and ATP. An experiment was conducted to determine the locations of these binding sites. Artificial cells were created and incubated in buffers containing ATP, ouabain (or oubain), Na+, and K+ in varying combinations inside and outside of the cell as indicated in the chart. The transport of Na+ and K+ was measured to determine activity of the Na+/K+ pump. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?

The ATP binding site of the Na+/K+ pump is located on the intracellular domain of the pump.

Ouabain does not disrupt ATP binding to the Na+/K+ pump.

ATP is required for transport of Na+ and not for transport of K+.

The ATP binding site of the Na+/K+ pump is located on the extracellular domain of the pump.

Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, Paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which a Paramecium's contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?

The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the Paramecium by osmosis increases.

At higher osmolarity, lower rates of contraction are required because more salt diffuses into the Paramecium.

In an isosmotic salt solution, there is no diffusion of water into or out of the Paramecium, so the contraction rate is zero.

The contractile vacuole is less efficient in solutions of high osmolarity because of the reduced amount of ATP produced from cellular respiration.

An experiment was set up to determine the movement of molecules through a dialysis-tubing bag into water. A dialysis-tubing bag containing 5% lactose and 5% fructose was placed in a beaker of distilled water, as illustrated. After four hours, fructose is detected in the distilled water outside of the dialysis-tubing bag, but lactose is not. What conclusions can be made about the movement of molecules in this experiment?

Fructose, being a monosaccharide, diffused through the dialysis bag into the distilled water. However, lactose, being a disaccharide, could not diffuse through the dialysis bag.

Fructose was homogenized by lactose, allowing the fructose to diffuse through the dialysis bag and into the distilled water. Lactose is not homogenized, so it could not pass through the dialysis bag.

Fructose and lactose are oppositely charged and separated out due to the force of repulsion.

Fructose diffused because of the pore specificity of the semipermeable membrane, not because of its concentration gradient.

Which environmental conditions can cause denaturation of the enzyme?

extreme increase in temperature and pH changes

extreme increase in temperature

Which of the following will increase the rate of the reaction?

increase in amount of substrate

increase in amount of inhibitor

Describe the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.

competitive binds to active site blocking the substrate and noncompetitive binds to a different place on the enzyme that causes the active site to change shape

noncompetitive binds to active site blocking the substrate and competitive binds to a different place on the enzyme that causes the active site to change shape

competitive is irreversible and noncompetitive is reversible binding

noncompetitive is irreversible and competitive is reversible binding

What is the function of the electron transport chain between Photosystem II and Photosystem I?

establish electrochemical gradient of protons

to funnel electrons into photosystem I for the Calvin cycle

transport electrons to oxygen to make water

to synthesize ATP using ATP synthase

What is the function of NADP+?

It is a light-reflecting pigment

It acts as long-term energy storage

The light reactions occur in the ________ and the calvin cycle takes place in the ________.

Chloroplast / thylakoid membrane

AP Bio Units 1-4 Review

Authored by Rachael Smith

Biology

9th - 12th Grade

NGSS covered

Used 50+ times

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98 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following does not result from hydrogen bonding in water molecules?

Cohesion

Adhesion

Surface Tension

Dissolving fats

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Why is water considered polar?

Nonpolar covalent bonds in structure

Ionic bonds in structure

Polar covalent bonds in structure

Hydrophobic interaction in structure

Which macromolecule(s) have nitrogen?

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids & Proteins

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Which macromolecule(s) have phosphorus?

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Fats

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Which macromolecule(s) have sulfur?

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Fats

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Describes the forming of a bond between monomers with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Dehydration

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Describes the breaking of a bond within a polymer using water.

Hydrolysis

Dehydration

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AP Bio Units 1-4 Review

Which of the following does not result from hydrogen bonding in water molecules?

Why is water considered polar?

Which macromolecule(s) have nitrogen?

Which macromolecule(s) have phosphorus?

Which macromolecule(s) have sulfur?

Describes the forming of a bond between monomers with the removal of a water molecule.

Describes the breaking of a bond within a polymer using water.

Which of the following is NOT in the monomer of a protein?

Describe the orientation of the phospholipids in the membrane.

How is DNA/RNA synthesis directionally oriented?

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