5ASK WHAP AMSCO

Which statement BEST captures how Enlightenment ideals challenged established social or political structures in Europe?

• They only reinforced absolute monarchies and the power of the church
• They championed individual rights and questioned inherited privileges, threatening traditional hierarchies
• They embraced a single unchanging social class system as the basis of stable governance
• They replaced commerce with purely religious obligations across all societies
• They enforced an immediate return to feudal practices in industrialized regions

How did John Locke’s notion of the “social contract” differ from Thomas Hobbes’s version?

• Liberal thinkers like Locke believed government derived its power from citizens who maintained the right to overthrow an unjust ruler, while Hobbes argued people must unconditionally surrender freedom for order
• Both agreed citizens had absolute monarchy as the ideal system, but Locke favored a partial Parliament
• Hobbes advocated for minimal government interference, whereas Locke suggested total monarchal control
• Both denied any possibility of peaceful governance under social contracts
• Hobbes wrote extensively about universal suffrage, which Locke deemed irrelevant to stable governance

Answer explanation

Hobbes wrote extensively about universal suffrage, which Locke deemed irrelevant to stable governance

Which development MOST directly resulted from Baron Montesquieu’s writings on the separation of powers?

• Absolute monarchs banned the printing press in all major cities
• The American founders adopted separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent abuses of authority
• Nation-states eliminated constitutional documents in favor of feudal tradition
• Most Enlightenment thinkers rejected checks and balances as unfeasible
• All European countries formed a singular legislative body for unified power

Answer explanation

All European countries formed a singular legislative body for unified power

Why did Adam Smith’s laissez-faire economic theory gain popularity during the Enlightenment?

• He believed governments should micromanage market decisions to ensure profit for state officials
• Smith argued that reduced state intervention and the “invisible hand” of free markets would best promote economic growth and societal benefit
• It restricted all private property rights to favor mercantilism
• It rejected private industry in favor of communal agricultural communities only
• He urged absolute monarchs to set maximum price controls on goods to limit trade competition

Answer explanation

He urged absolute monarchs to set maximum price controls on goods to limit trade competition

Which principle of Deism MOST challenged traditional religious authority in the 18th century?

• Deists believed a divine power had created the universe but did not intervene in daily life, promoting scientific inquiry over strict reliance on church doctrine
• They required each congregation to consult church leaders before conducting experiments
• Deism strictly prohibited the use of reason when analyzing natural phenomena
• Clergy members were deemed the only source of all truths regarding science
• Deists insisted on mandatory church attendance to attain salvation through papal decrees

Answer explanation

Deists insisted on mandatory church attendance to attain salvation through papal decrees

How did Mary Wollstonecraft’s ideas about education depart from typical gender norms of the time?

• She upheld that only wealthy aristocratic men should be educated
• She argued women should receive the same formal education as men to cultivate reason and prepare them for public life, challenging the era’s common domestic limitations on women’s roles
• She believed no one required schooling because natural instinct guided humanity perfectly
• She encouraged restricted literacy solely for men in specialized trades
• She insisted universal education must exclude political subjects entirely

Answer explanation

She insisted universal education must exclude political subjects entirely

What distinguishes the socialist vision of utopian thinkers like Robert Owen from classical liberalism?

• Utopians advocated privatization of every industry with no state intervention
• Owen and other utopians sought communities guided by collective ownership and shared responsibilities for education and labor, while liberals stressed individual property rights and minimal government interference
• Classical liberals demanded direct worker ownership of all means of production without government involvement
• They both championed a permanent feudal system to maintain social stability
• Utopian socialism and liberalism were identical, endorsing radical anarchy rather than structured societies

Answer explanation

Utopian socialism and liberalism were identical, endorsing radical anarchy rather than structured societies

Which factor BEST explains the rise of abolitionist movements in the 18th and 19th centuries?

• Governments recognized enslaved labor was too profitable to discontinue
• Religious and Enlightenment ideals emphasizing natural rights and human dignity spurred growing moral opposition to the Atlantic slave trade
• Enslaved persons opposed any attempts at emancipation for fear of social disruption
• Farming innovations made slavery indispensable to industrial production
• Most people believed slavery was beneficial for political cohesion

Answer explanation

Most people believed slavery was beneficial for political cohesion

How did the late 19th-century concept of Zionism reflect a broader pattern of nationalist movements?

• Zionism uniquely aimed at a global monarchy under a Jewish king, whereas other nationalisms favored local feudal lords
• It was entirely disconnected from anti-Semitic pressures in Europe, focusing on economic gains only
• Like other movements inspired by cultural identity and political self-determination, Zionism sought an independent state for Jews, though it faced resistance from Ottoman control and local populations
• Most nationalist groups rejected any homeland or cultural unity, opposing self-determination in principle
• Zionists hoped to merge with existing European states to expand monarchy systems

Answer explanation

Zionists hoped to merge with existing European states to expand monarchy systems

Which best summarizes how Enlightenment principles spurred feminist calls for women’s suffrage?

• They asserted reason and universal rights applied only to elite male aristocrats
• Enlightenment ideals of equality and freedom encouraged activists like Olympe de Gouges and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to demand voting rights and social reform for women
• Enlightenment thinkers concluded women’s political roles were properly assigned by paternal authority
• National assemblies mandated women’s property rights but outlawed any discussion of female citizenship
• Feminist movements sought solely to reinstate the power of absolute queens over male citizens

Answer explanation

Feminist movements sought solely to reinstate the power of absolute queens over male citizens