PMA

(E.7.1) The graph below shows Global Land and Ocean Temperature Anomalies since 1880.

Based on this graph, which of the following best describes the impact these anomalies would have on the water cycle?

• A decrease in global land and ocean temperatures will result in lower rates of evaporation.

• An increase in global land and ocean temperatures will result in lower rates of transpiration.

• A decrease in global land and ocean temperatures will result in higher rates of precipitation.

• An increase in global land and ocean temperatures will result in higher rates of evaporation.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-4

NGSS.MS-ESS2-6

(L.17.9) A food web is shown in the diagram below.

Predict the long-term effects of energy transfer on the ecosystem above, if the removal of the herbivorous insect population occurred?

• The energy available for the producers would increase.

• The energy available for the tertiary consumers would decrease.

• The energy available for the primary consumers would decrease.

• The energy available for the secondary consumers would increase.

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(E.7.1) Water is absorbed in plants from the ground through roots. The xylem is a structure required for plants to transport water from the roots to the rest of the plant. This water is important for plants to perform cellular functions, like photosynthesis. If a community of trees were to be infected with a disease that prevented the roots from absorbing water, which graph below would most clearly demonstrate the effect the disease would have on the water cycle in that area?

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-4

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(L.17.9) A team of ecologists observed feeding patterns of several populations in the desert. The energy pyramid shown below depicts the feeding patterns the ecologists observed.

Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the desert ecosystem?

• There is less energy available in the producers because their tissues are less dense than those at higher trophic levels.

• There is more energy available in the second trophic level because less energy is needed for hunting compared to the higher trophic levels.

• There is more available energy in the birds of prey because they have greater muscle mass for storing energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have.

• There is less available energy in the fourth trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels.

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NGSS.MS-LS2-3

1. At which stage in the figure below are the most pioneer species found?

2. Which type of ecological succession is the image showing? Explain how you know.

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NGSS.MS-LS2-4

The Taylor Wells oil spill destroyed most of the marine ecosystem in which it occurred. The plankton and algae were mostly destroyed which resulted in devastation to the higher trophic levels. Human efforts were made to clean up the surface oil in order to allow more sunlight to penetrate the water for recovering producers.

Which type of succession occurred in this ecosystem?

• Primary succession because there were still some organisms that survived to recover the ecosystem.

• Secondary succession because there were some producers that survived the oil spill.

• Primary succession because the oil spill killed so many organisms in this ecosystem.

• Secondary succession because all organisms at higher trophic levels were lost.

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NGSS.MS-LS2-4

(L.15.14) Suppose a family of black wolves migrates across a land bridge to a region supporting a large population of gray wolves. A few generations later, the population consists entirely of wolves with black and gray markings. Which of the following best describes the mechanism that caused this change in the population of the wolves in the region?

• Genetic mutations naturally occurred in the black and gray wolf populations, resulting in both groups simultaneously developing black and gray coat markings.

• The flow of black wolf genes across the land bridge added to the gray wolf population’s gene pool, increasing the frequency of the genes for black fur in the population.

• The gray wolves selected other gray wolves over black wolves as mates, causing a limit to the gray wolf gene pool that resulted in genetic drift.

• The wolves with gray coats had to compete for resources with the successful black wolves, so they adapted their coats to mimic the black wolves.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-2

NGSS.HS-LS4-4

(L.15.14) The images below show labeled work from a student trying to match the names of the mechanisms of evolution to the images. Which of the following images is labeled correctly?

• A

• B

• C

• D

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

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(L.17.2) What choice best describes why 90% of all marine organisms thrive/live in the photic zone.

• Organisms all need sunlight to live so they stay in the photic zone in order to gain the most sunlight possible.

• The photic zone is the zone in which photosynthesis occurs. Due to the presence of plants here, other organisms are attracted to this area.

• The photic zone is a major source of food for many organisms.

• Both B and C are correct.

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(L.17.2)Temperature is an important abiotic factor that drives ocean currents and affects upwelling currents. The temperature of the ocean varies greatly. Cold water settles to the lower ocean levels, while warm water rises to the surface ocean. Why does warm water stay at the surface?

• Cold water is more dense than warm water

• Warm water is the same density of cold water

• Cold water and warm water do not have density

• Warm water is more dense than cold water

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-6