AP Biology: Unit 7 Review (CED)

What is a cladogram?

• A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

• A type of graph used to represent statistical data.

• A chart that displays the food chain in an ecosystem.

• A map that outlines the geographical distribution of species.

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Define sympatric speciation.

• Sympatric speciation is the process of speciation that occurs when populations are in the same geographic area but evolve differently due to other factors.

• Sympatric speciation occurs when a population is divided by a physical barrier, leading to the formation of new species.

• Sympatric speciation is the process where species evolve in different geographic areas due to environmental pressures.

• Sympatric speciation happens when two species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring that become a new species.

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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

• Genotype is the observable characteristics of an organism, while phenotype is the genetic makeup.

• Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to the observable characteristics resulting from the genotype.

• Genotype and phenotype are the same and can be used interchangeably.

• Genotype is the environment's influence on an organism, while phenotype is the genetic structure.

What is reproductive success?

• The ability to survive in a given environment.

• The passing of genes to the next generation, often measured by the number of offspring produced that survive to reproduce.

• The process of natural selection acting on a population.

• The total number of individuals in a species.

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What is the importance of genetic variation in a population?

• It allows populations to reproduce more quickly.

• It provides the raw material for natural selection, allowing populations to adapt to changing environments.

• It decreases the chances of extinction.

• It ensures that all individuals in a population are genetically identical.

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What is the role of mutations in evolution?

• Mutations introduce genetic variation, which can lead to new traits that may be beneficial for survival and reproduction.

• Mutations always result in harmful effects on an organism's fitness.

• Mutations are irrelevant to the process of evolution and natural selection.

• Mutations only occur in response to environmental changes.

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How does natural selection work?

• Natural selection is the process where individuals with favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.

• Natural selection occurs when all individuals in a population have equal chances of survival and reproduction.

• Natural selection is the random process of genetic drift that affects allele frequencies in a population.

• Natural selection is the method by which organisms adapt to their environment through learned behaviors.

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Define allopatric speciation.

• Allopatric speciation is the process of speciation that occurs when populations are geographically isolated from each other.

• Allopatric speciation is the process where species evolve due to behavioral differences.

• Allopatric speciation occurs when two species share the same habitat and compete for resources.

• Allopatric speciation is the formation of new species through hybridization in overlapping ranges.

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What is gradualism?

• A theory in evolutionary biology that suggests species evolve slowly and steadily over long periods of time.

• A method of rapid evolution through sudden changes in species.

• A concept that states species remain unchanged over time.

• A belief that evolution occurs only in response to environmental changes.

What does natural selection act on?

• Genotypes, which are the genetic makeup of an organism.

• Phenotypes, which are the observable traits of an organism.

• Ecosystems, which are communities of living organisms.

• Species, which are groups of similar organisms.

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