One can tell whether they are observing the bones of an adolescent (age 10-19) or the bones of an adult (20+) by looking for which of the following features?

• The presence or absence of growth plates (epiphyseal plates)

• The color of the bone

• The number of bones in the hand

• The length of the femur

Answer explanation

The presence or absence of growth plates (epiphyseal plates) is a key indicator of skeletal maturity. In adolescents, these plates are still present, while in adults, they have fused, indicating the end of growth.

The type of marrow found in the bones of an adolescent (age 10-19) versus an adult (20+) is:

• Adolescents have more red marrow, adults have more yellow marrow.

• Adolescents have more yellow marrow, adults have more red marrow.

• Both adolescents and adults have only red marrow.

• Both adolescents and adults have only yellow marrow.

Answer explanation

Adolescents have more red marrow, which is responsible for blood cell production, while adults have more yellow marrow, which is primarily fat. This transition occurs as individuals age.

David is studying X-rays of bones in children and adults. He notices a difference between the epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line. What is the difference?

• The epiphyseal plate is a region of growing cartilage, while the epiphyseal line is the remnant after growth has stopped.

• The epiphyseal plate is found only in adults, while the epiphyseal line is found in children.

• The epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line are both regions of bone growth in adults.

• The epiphyseal line is a region of growing cartilage, while the epiphyseal plate is the remnant after growth has stopped.

Answer explanation

The epiphyseal plate is a region of growing cartilage found in children, allowing for bone growth. In contrast, the epiphyseal line is the remnant of the plate that forms after growth has stopped, indicating maturity.

James is reading about how our bodies stay strong and wants to know which material gives bones their main structure. What is the main structural component of bone?

• Collagen

• Keratin

• Elastin

• Chitin

Answer explanation

The main structural component of bone is collagen, a protein that provides strength and flexibility. Other options like keratin, elastin, and chitin are found in different tissues but not primarily in bone.

The difference between Paget’s Disease of Bone and Osteoporosis is:

• Paget’s Disease involves abnormal bone remodeling, while Osteoporosis involves decreased bone density.

• Both conditions are caused by vitamin D deficiency.

• Osteoporosis affects only the elderly, while Paget’s Disease affects only children.

• Paget’s Disease leads to increased bone density, while Osteoporosis leads to bone tumors.

Answer explanation

The correct choice highlights that Paget’s Disease is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, leading to enlarged and weakened bones, while Osteoporosis is defined by decreased bone density, increasing fracture risk.

The correct number of vertebrae found in the cervical region is:

• 7

• 5

• 12

• 9

Answer explanation

The cervical region of the spine consists of 7 vertebrae, labeled C1 to C7. This is a standard anatomical fact, making 7 the correct answer.

The correct number of vertebrae found in the thoracic region is:

• 12

• 7

• 5

• 10

Answer explanation

The thoracic region of the spine consists of 12 vertebrae, labeled T1 to T12. This is a standard anatomical fact, making 12 the correct answer.

What is the correct number of vertebrae found in each of the following locations? Lumbar -

• 5

• 7

• 12

• 4

Answer explanation

The lumbar region of the spine consists of 5 vertebrae, labeled L1 to L5. This is the standard anatomical structure, making 5 the correct answer.

Select the correct number of vertebrae found in the sacral region:

• 5

• 4

• 6

• 3

Answer explanation

The sacral region of the vertebral column consists of 5 fused vertebrae, known as the sacrum. This is the correct number, making '5' the right choice.

Harper accidentally touched a hot pan and noticed her skin turned red and was painful, but there were no blisters. What type of burn did Harper most likely experience?

• A 1st degree burn affects only the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) and causes redness and pain.

• A 1st degree burn affects all layers of the skin and causes blisters and severe pain.

• A 1st degree burn results in charring of the skin and damage to underlying tissues.

• A 1st degree burn causes no visible symptoms and only affects internal organs.

Answer explanation

Harper's symptoms of redness and pain without blisters indicate a 1st degree burn, which affects only the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). The other options describe more severe burns or incorrect symptoms.