Rejection of a newly transplanted organ is caused by

• the immune system reacting to the presence of the organ

• antibiotics that stimulate the immune system to attack the organ

• inheritance of genetic disorders from infected individuals

• development of cancerous cells in the organ

As blood glucose levels increase, hormones are released to return glucose levels to normal. This is an example of

• a nervous system disorder

• the synthesis of antibodies

• a stimulus and a response

• an antigen and antibody reaction

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Which statement describes a failure of homeostasis in humans?

• When activity in an individual increases, the body temperature rises and the individual sweats.

• As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the human body, the lungs begin to expel more carbon dioxide.

• A viral infection leads to a decrease in the number of white blood cells being produced in the body.

• After an individual gets a cut, certain chemical changes begin the healing process.

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Which biological process is represented in the diagram below?

• photosynthesis

• respiration

• digestion

• replication

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The diagram below shows specialized plant cells that control openings called stomates. The proper function of these cells is vital to the survival of the plant because they regulate the

• rate of glucose use by root cells

• absorption of sunlight by leaf cells

• products of photosynthesis in the stem

• exchange of gases in leaves

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Substance X directly supplies energy for various life functions, as shown in the diagram below. Which substance is represented by X in the diagram?

• ATP

• DNA

• starch

• glucose

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The structural formulas shown below represent parts of two different complex carbohydrate molecules composed of glucose subunits. Molecules 1 and 2 differ in their overall structure. Due to the differences in structure, each of these molecules most likely

• is composed of different molecular bases

• forms a different protein

• contains different elements

• performs a different function

To capture their prey, spiders have fangs, which pierce the body wall of insects and inject venom. Spider venoms usually contain specific proteins that attack the cell membranes of the prey. The membranes and most of the contents of the insect’s body turn into a liquid that the spider then ingests for food. These specific venom proteins are most likely

• ATP molecules

• DNA molecules

• biological catalysts

• regulatory hormones

Lymphatic capillaries are found throughout the body. Both the lymphatic and circulatory systems transport substances between the bloodstream and body tissues. These two systems are also involved in fighting infections. The arrows shown in the diagram that go from the blood capillaries to the interstitial fluid most likely represent the

• release of red blood cells, so that they can diffuse into body cells and fight bacteria

• movement of materials from the circulatory system that will eventually enter lymphatic capillaries

• transport of digestive enzymes from the blood to help with the digestion of glucose in muscle cells

• transport of glucose molecules from the blood to be used by cells to attack proteins and fats

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Doctors often use certain medications to treat infections. A few people have a reaction to some of these medications, such as itching, swelling, or trouble breathing. This is an example of

• using antibodies to cure a medical problem

• the body’s immune system overreacting to a usually harmless substance

• the body creating a mutation to fight unknown pathogens

• a vaccine causing the body to produce antigens against the infection