IB Biology Option C

What are limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis?

• Temperature, light intensity and CO2 concentration

• A lack of resources at lower trophic levels suppresses the abundance of organisms at higher trophic levels

• The maximum sustainable yield should be half the carrying capacity of the species

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What is a niche? How do species contribute to their ecosystem through where they live, what they eat, and what eats them?

• Human activity can often limit resource availability and hence inadvertently exert bottom up pressure on an ecosystem

• DDT can bioaccumulate to toxic levels and poses a significant threat to higher trophic levels

• An ecological niche describes the functional position and role of an organism within its environment. Species contribute to their ecosystem through the consumption of what they eat and where they live.

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How do you assess the nutrient content of a soil sample?

• Soil testing kits can be used to identify the amounts of the different components of soil

• Nitrogen, in the soil is converted back into inert nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria

• Waterlogging, impacts the nitrogen cycle by reducing the levels of nitrates and nitrites in the soil

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Why to insectivorous plants like venus flytraps need to adapt to eat insects?

• To contribute to their ecosystem through the consumption of what they eat and where they live.

• The plant’s leaves can be trap by using nectar to attract insects. When trapping has occurred, the plant releases digestive enzymes that allow it to absorb nutrients from the insects.

• To protected the environment and compounds they need for photosynthesis.

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What is commensalism?

• a member of one species, predator, eats all or part of the body of a member of another species, prey.

• a long-term, close association between two species in which one benefits and the other is unaffected

• a long-term, close association between two species in which one benefits and the other is harmed

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What is parasitism?

• a long-term, close association between two species in which one benefits and the other is unaffected.

• a long-term, close association between two species in which both partners benefit.

• a long-term, close association between two species in which one benefits and the other is harmed

What is predation?

• a long-term, close association between two species in which both partners benefit

• a member of one species, predator, eats all or part of the body of a member of another species, prey

• a long-term, close association between two species in which one benefits and the other is unaffected

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What is mutualism?

• a long-term, close association between two species in which both partners benefit

• a member of one species, predator, eats all or part of the body of a member of another species, prey

• a long-term, close association between two species in which one benefits and the other is harmed

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Why can two species not survive in the same habitat for long periods of time if they have the same niche?

• Many species share a habitat, and the interactions between them play a major role in regulating population growth and abundance

• Two species cannot survive in the same habitat for long periods of time if they have the same niche because survival of the fittest takes place and one organism will not survive.

• Energy flows through an ecosystem in only one direction. Energy is passed from organisms at one trophic level or energy level to organisms in the next trophic level.

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How does energy enter and travels through an ecosystem?

• Evolution via natural selection results in adaptations that function to minimise direct competition between species in nature

• Environmental disturbances may cause fluctuations to the structure and rate of change within ecosystems

• Energy flows through an ecosystem in only one direction. Energy is passed from organisms at one trophic level or energy level to organisms in the next trophic level.

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