7H UNIT 5

Within the structure of the Earth, thermal energy moves from one layer to another. The inner core is extremely hot and solid, the mantle is fluid-like and the crust is solid. What would be a logical explanation of how energy is transferred from one layer to the next within the Earth?

• The Earth’s heat energy begins in the mantle. As the molecules heat up, they move in a circular motion causing warmer molecules to rise towards the crust which heats the crust; this is called conduction. When the molecules in the mantle begin to cool, they sink and come in contact with the core’s molecules; this is called conduction.

• When the sun heats the Earth’s surface, energy moves downward towards the core through the process of radiation. The molecules of the crust begin to touch the mantle’s molecules by conduction. The molecules within the mantle move by convection towards the core and conduction takes place one more time which heats the core.

• Since the core is a solid material, heat is transferred by conduction to the mantle. Within the thick liquid, molecules move by convection transferring heat outward from the lower layer. When the molecules in the mantle touch the molecules of the crust, this is called conduction.

• The sun heats the material found in the core which is radiational heating. Then energy in the core is transferred to the mantle by convection. When the molecules in the mantle touch the crustal molecules, energy is transferred by the method of conduction.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

Energy is transferred from one source. When heating a substance in a pan, the handle on the pan can get hot due to the transfer of energy. Which answer choice correctly describes the transfer of energy moving from point A to point C?

• The process begins as conduction shown at point A. Heat molecules transform by convection to heat the matter in the pan at point B. Energy is transformed into radiation at point C which causes the handle of the pot to get hot.

• Point A is showing the convection of heat as energy moves to point B. Conduction takes place moving from point B to point C. The handle of the pan becomes warm due to the heat radiating from the pan.

• The type of thermal energy at point A is radiation. As heat moves to point B, it transforms to conduction. The process continues as energy is transformed to convection which causes the handle of the pan to warm at point C.

• The process begins as radiation at point A. Energy transfers via convection as the substance begins to heat at point B. The molecules of the substance transfer heat to the pot and handle through conduction.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-3

NGSS.MS-PS3-5

A student places ice in a glass of water. The student writes a prediction about the thermal energy within the glass of water. How should the student describe the transfer of energy?

• The energy from the water is transferred to the ice until all of the water is at the same temperature.

• The energy from the ice is transferred to the water until all of the ice is melted.

• The energy from the air is transferred to the water and ice until they reach room temperature.

• The energy from the glass is transferred to the water and ice, causing the glass to cool down.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

A teacher places a pot of water on a burner. Heat is applied to the bottom of the pot. Students are asked to make a prediction about the thermal energy within the pot of water. Which of the following student predictions is correct?

• The thermal energy moves from cold to warm until the water is all cooled.

• The thermal energy moves from warm to cold until the water is all heated.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-3

Bob orders a cup of coffee. The coffee is very hot. Bob places an ice cube in his coffee. Describe the movement of the thermal energy in the cup.

• The thermal energy of the particles in the coffee will increase.

• The thermal energy of the particles in the coffee will decrease.

• The energy of all particles in the cup will increase.

• The energy of all particles in the cup will decrease.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-4

Quasars are extremely distant celestial bodies. Investigators using a special telescope determined that a certain quasar was emitting waves with a frequency of 1.41×10⁹ Hz. An electromagnetic spectrum is shown. What type of wave did the investigators most likely detect using a telescope? Select the correct answer from the electromagnetic spectrum.

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NGSS.HS-PS4-1

A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum is shown. Earth's atmosphere blocks short wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Which telescopes must be placed in orbit around Earth in order to observe short-wavelength radiation?

• Gamma-ray telescopes

• Visible-light telescopes

• Infrared telescopes

• Radio telescopes

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NGSS.HS-PS4-1

NGSS.HS-PS4-3

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

• Waves with the greater frequency have the largest wavelength.

• Waves with small wavelengths pass a certain point in a greater amount of time.

• Frequency and wavelength are directly proportional to each other.

• Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other.

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NGSS.HS-PS4-1

Miguel wants to learn more about light waves. He was surprised to learn that only a segment of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to the human eye. The human eye can detect wavelengths from 380 to 700 nanometers. Violet has a wavelength of around 400 nanometers, while red has a wavelength of around 700 nanometers. Miguel wrote down some notes about the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of several visible colors. Miguel had some misconceptions about waves and frequency. Which of the statements from his notes are correct?

• Only 1, 2 and 4

• Only 1, 2, 3, and 5

• Only 3 and 4

• Only 3 and 5

Students are completing an investigation on types of energy transformation. Students stand in the sunlight on a bright sunny day. What type of energy source would the students be most likely to observe and feel?

• Electrical Energy

• Chemical Energy

• Thermal Energy

• All of the above

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NGSS.MS-PS3-3