The data above represent the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?

The allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2.

The allele for white is an autosomal dominant allele because a 1:1phenotype ratio of blue to white among both sexes is observed in cross 3.

The allele for blue is an autosomal dominant allele because an approximate 3:1phenotype ratio of blue to white is observed in cross 1.

The allele for white is an X-linked dominant allele because no white females are produced in cross 1.

A blue-flowered African violet of unknown ancestry self-pollinated and produced 50 seeds. These seeds germinate and grow into flowering plants. Of these plants, 36 produce blue flowers and 14 produce pink flowers. What is the best explanation for the pink-flowered offspring?

Pink flower color is a trait recessive to blue flower color.

Blue flowers are incompletely dominant to pink flowers.

Pink flower color is the result of somatic mutations in the flower color gene.

A previous generation of the blue-flowered parent must have included 50 percent pinkflowered plants.

Table I shows the results of breeding experiments to examine the inheritance of flower color (purple versus white) and pod shape (inflated versus constricted). For the crosses recorded in Table I, true-breeding parents were crossed to produce F1offspring, which were then testcrossed to homozygous recessive individuals. Based on the data in Table I, which of the following best explains why there are no individuals with constricted pods in the F1generation?

Inflated pod shape is dominant to constricted pod shape.

The inflated-pod offspring in the F1 generation are homozygous.

Constricted pod shape typically arises from a new mutation in the F1 generation.

The constricted-pod offspring are carriers for the inflated pod shape allele.

Table I shows the results of breeding experiments to examine the inheritance of flower color (purple versus white) and pod shape (inflated versus constricted). For the crosses recorded in Table I, true-breeding parents were crossed to produce F1offspring, which were then testcrossed to homozygous recessive individuals. In Table I, the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring from the testcross with F1 plants that had purple flowers and inflated pods suggests that the genes for flower color and pod shape are located

close together on the same autosome

Table II shows the results of computer-simulated crosses to model the inheritance of leaf shape (broad versus narrow) and flower color (purple versus white). Which of the following provides the best justification for an assumption that might have been used in the computer simulation (Table II)?

The purple allele is dominant to the white allele because all the offspring from the cross of purple-flowered and white-flowered plants had purple flowers.

The broad allele is recessive to the narrow allele because broad leaves appear in every generation.

The narrow allele is codominant with the purple allele because the purple-flower trait and the narrow-leaf trait segregate together.

The white allele is dominant to both the broad and narrow alleles because plants with either type of leaf shape can have white flowers.

Table II shows the results of computer-simulated crosses to model the inheritance of leaf shape (broad versus narrow) and flower color (purple versus white). In Table II, the F1 offspring of the cross between broad-leaved, white-flowered plants with narrow-leaved, purple-flowered plants have a phenotype that differs from that of either parent. However, many testcross offspring have the same phenotype as one of the two plants in the parental cross, but relatively few testcross offspring have the same phenotype as the F1 offspring. Which of the following best explains the observation?

Recombination between the leaf-shape and flower-color genes resulted in chromosomes carrying a dominant allele of both genes.

Recombination between the broad and narrow alleles of the leaf-shape gene resulted in chromosomes carrying three different alleles at the same genetic locus.

Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes resulted in the combinations of alleles present in the parental generation.

The computer model cannot capture the possible assortments of gametes when multiple genes are considered.

Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at different temperatures. Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29°C , while others fly most effectively at 40°C. Still others can be equally active at both temperatures. Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?

Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature.

Butterflies that are active over a wide range of temperatures produce greater amounts of the enzyme.

Temperature has little effect on the activity of butterflies.

Butterflies that are active at warmer temperatures produce more offspring.

A scientist studying phenotypic variation in a species of butterfly observed that genetically identical caterpillars grown in similar cages but exposed to different colored lights developed into butterflies with differences in wing color and body size, as shown in Table 1. Which of the following best explains the cause of the phenotypic variation observed in the butterflies?

There was differential gene expression of wing color and body size in response to the colors of light the caterpillars were exposed to.

Different mutations occurred in the caterpillars that were exposed to different colors of light.

The energy used to grow a larger body results in butterflies with lighter colored wings.

Individual caterpillars evolved adaptations to survive in each of the light conditions they were exposed to.

A gene that influences coat color in domestic cats is located on the X chromosome. A female cat that is heterozygous for the gene (XBXO) has a calico-colored coat. In a genetics experiment, researchers mate a calico-colored female cat (XBXO) with an orange-colored male cat (XO) to produce an F1 generation. The researchers record observations for the cats in the F1 generation and plan to use the data to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a model of X-linked inheritance. The data for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test are presented in Table 1. The researchers calculate a chi-square value of 4.6 and choose a significance level of p=0.05. Which of the following statements best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

The null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value.

The null hypothesis can be rejected because the chi-square value is greater than the critical value.

The null hypothesis can be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value.

The null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the chi-square value is greater than the critical value.

A series of crosses is performed with fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) to examine inheritance of the genes vestigial ( vg ) and cinnabar ( cn ). The recessive vg allele causes small, malformed wings called vestigial wings. The recessive cn allele causes bright-red eyes called cinnabar eyes. In the first cross, a female with wild-type wings and eyes is mated with a male with vestigial wings and cinnabar eyes. All the F1individuals have wild-type wings and eyes. In the second cross, female F1 flies are mated with males with vestigial wings and cinnabar eyes. The phenotypes of 500 F2 individuals are shown in the table Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the results?

The two genes are linked on an autosome.

The two genes are located on two different chromosomes.

The two genes are located on mitochondrial DNA.

Red-green color blindness in humans is caused by a recessive allele located on the X chromosome. Figure 1 shows the potential offspring of a female who is red-green color-blind and a male with full-color vision. All of the possible male offspring would be color-blind, and all of the possible female offspring would have full-color vision.If during the production of male gametes an error in meiosis occurred, sperm containing both an X and a Y chromosome could be produced. How would the extra chromosome affect the male offspring produced by the gamete?

The male offspring would have full-color vision, because of the presence of the extra X chromosome.

None of the potential offspring would be male, because the potentially male zygote would have two X chromosomes, and the Y chromosome would be ignored.

The male offspring would all be red-green color-blind, because of interference from alleles on the Y chromosome.

There would be no change to the phenotypes of the possible offspring, because the extra X chromosome would not be active.

Using the information provided in Figure 2, explain the role of light in the activation of the PAL enzyme.

The role of light in the activation of the PAL enzyme is to activate phosphatase which removes the phosphate group from the PAL enzyme, thereby activating the enzyme.

The role of light in the activation of the PAL enzyme is to deactivate phosphatase which removes the phosphate group from the PAL enzyme, thereby activating the enzyme.

The researchers measured the average concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonoids in apples from trees grown with both types of ground cover. Identify the variable in the researchers' experiment that is dependent on the percent of reflected light the apple trees receive. Justify the use of genetically identical apple trees as a controlled factor in the experiment. Using the data provided, describe the effect of the different ground covers on the percent of light reflected. Calculate the percent change in the average concentration of flavonoids in apples grown with the reflective ground cover compared with the apples grown with the grass ground cover.

An identification of the concentration of pigments (anthocyanins and flavonoids) in the apples as the variable dependent on the percent of reflected light the apple trees receive

A justification that, because the apple trees are genetically identical, any differences in the concentration of pigments can be attributed to the differences in the experimental treatment (type of ground cover/amount of reflected light)

A description that there is (statistically) more light reflected from the reflective ground cover

The percent change in the average concentration of flavonoids calculated to be 52.19%

Researchers also study apple trees that have been genetically modified so that the DNA binding domain of the transcription factor that stimulates expression of the PAL enzyme has been deleted. The researchers repeat the ground cover experiment with the genetically modified apple trees. Predict the effect of the two ground covers on pigment concentrations in the genetically modified apples. Provide reasoning to justify your prediction.

These genetically modified trees will have low levels of/no pigments regardless of the type of ground cover.

The type of ground cover will have no effect on pigment concentrations in these genetically modified trees.

If the transcription factor cannot bind to (the regulatory region of) the DNA encoding the PAL enzyme, the gene cannot be transcribed (to mRNA), and no PAL enzyme will be produced.

If PAL cannot be produced, the amount of light (reflected by the ground cover) will not affect the production or activation of PAL

Based on the information provided in Figure 2, predict the effect of a constantly active kinase on flavonoid pigment production. In leaves, the PAL enzyme is also required for the production of other pigment molecules that are capable of absorbing UV and other radiation from the sun. Explain how the relationship between light and pigment production might serve as a protective mechanism for the cells of the apple tree. Explain how the PAL enzyme interacts with its substrate in the absence of light.

A prediction that flavonoid production will decrease/there will be no pigment production

An explanation that, by increasing the amount of pigment molecules in the leaves in response to an increase in sunlight, plants reduce radiation damage to DNA

An explanation that, in the absence of light, the PAL enzyme and substrate would not interact because the phosphate group would still be attached, which would lead to the degradation of PAL/an inactive shape of PAL

AP Bio Unit 5 Test Review

Quiz

•

Biology

•

10th - 12th Grade

•

Practice Problem

•

Hard

•

NGSS

HS-LS3-2, HS-LS4-2, HS-LS1-1

Standards-aligned

Victoria Burton

Used 735+ times

FREE Resource

23 questions

Show all answers

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Within a forest ecosystem, there is a large amount of diversity among members of a warbler species. Of the following stages of meiosis illustrated for a typical cell, which contributes most to diversity among the warblers?

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed.
Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism.

The genotypes of Matthew and Jane are best represented as

Matthew - AA / Jane - Aa

Matthew - Aa / Jane - aa

Matthew - aa / Jane - aa

Matthew - aa / Jane - Aa

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed.
Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism.

The probability that Matthew and Jane’s first child will be an achondroplastic dwarf is

25%

50%

75%

100%

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

NGSS.HS-LS3-3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed.
Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism. If three children are born to Matthew and Jane, what are the chances that the first two children will not express the trait but that the third child will be an achondroplastic dwarf?

5/8

4/8

3/8

1/8

1/16

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

NGSS.HS-LS3-3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

An African violet grower observes that genetically identical African violet plants growing near the walls of the greenhouse have white flowers, that plants growing farther away from the walls have pale blue flowers, and that plants growing nearest the center of the greenhouse have dark blue flowers.

Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse?

Warmer temperatures result in genotypic alterations, which result in flower color differences.

The plants along the walls of the greenhouse are homozygous recessive and therefore have white flowers.

An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center.

More light is available along the walls of the greenhouse, so the flowers need less pigment to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

In dogs, one pair of alleles determines coat color (dark and albino). Another pair of alleles determines hair length (short and long). Thus, each gamete will contain one of the coat-color alleles, C or c and one of the hair-length alleles, B or b. In repeated crosses of a specific dark, short-haired dog with an albino, long-haired dog, all the offspring were dark with short hair, as shown in cross I. However, in subsequent crosses of another dark, short-haired dog with a dark, long-haired dog, the ratios shown in cross II below were obtained.

In cross II, the genotype of the dark, short-haired parent is

CcBb

ccbb

CCBB

CCbb

ccBB

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

In dogs, one pair of alleles determines coat color (dark and albino). Another pair of alleles determines hair length (short and long). Thus, each gamete will contain one of the coat-color alleles, C or c and one of the hair-length alleles, B or b. In repeated crosses of a specific dark, short-haired dog with an albino, long-haired dog, all the offspring were dark with short hair, as shown in cross I. However, in subsequent crosses of another dark, short-haired dog with a dark, long-haired dog, the ratios shown in cross II below were obtained.

Which of the following is probably the genotype of the dark, short-haired parent in cross I?

CcBb

ccbb

CCBB

CCbb

ccBB

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

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