AP Biology, Cladograms

What does each node of a phylogenetic tree represent?

• A combining of separate populations into one large population

• A time interval of approximately 1000 years

• An event that splits a single lineage into two lineages

• A documented piece of fossil evidence

Which statement about the relatedness of organisms is true?

• Organisms living now cannot be related to extinct organisms that died out thousands of years ago.

• Because they are physically separated, two organisms living in completely different parts of the world cannot be related.

• For organisms to be related to one another, they must share similar physical traits.

• A relationship exists between any two organisms because they share a common ancestor.

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What is the difference between a root and a node of a phylogenetic tree?

• A root represents all living species, whereas a node represents a single species.

• A root represents living species that have undergone little or no evolutionary change, whereas a node represents living species that have undergone evolutionary change.

• A root represents an extinct species, whereas a node represents a living species.

• A root represents the earliest ancestor that all species have in common, whereas a node represents later ancestors that some species have in common.

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Which statement about phylogenetic trees is false?

• Rotation of lineages around a node can change the meaning of a phylogenetic tree.

• A node is another word for branching point on a phylogenetic tree.

• Both large and small groups of organisms can be used to construct a phylogenetic tree.

• A phylogenetic tree is a representation of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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A group of species that consists of a common ancestor and all of its evolutionary descendants is called a

• population

• lineage

• clade

• taxon

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Which group of species represents a clade?

• A, B, D, and E

• B, C, and D

• C and E

• D, C and E

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Which diagram conveys phylogenetic information that differs from the others?

• Tree 1

• Tree 2

• Tree 3

• Tree 4

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What statement is consistent with this phylogenetic tree?

• Lampreys and lizards do not have a common ancestor.

• Perch and crocodiles have the same common ancestor as chimpanzees and lampreys.

• Pigeons and mice belong to sister clades.

• Salamanders and mice cannot be grouped in the same clade.

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Biologists would use a phylogenetic tree to

• date a fossil

• compare developmental stages within a species

• classify a newly-discovered species

• predict effects of environmental change on an organism's life span

Any features shared by two species and inherited from a common ancestor are said to be

• Homologous

• Convergent

• Phylogenetic

• Ancestral

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