Which of the following is NOT a classification for columns in building construction?

• Based on Types of Reinforcement

• Based on Types of Loading

• Based on Shape

• Based on Color

Which formula is used to calculate the critical load for buckling?

• Pcr = π²EI/L²

• Pcr = 2EI/L²

• Pcr = 4EI/L²

• Pcr = 3EI/L²

What is the slenderness ratio for short columns?

• ℓ/r ≤ 200

• ℓ/r ≤ 120

• ℓ/r ≤ 60

• ℓ/r ≤ 40

What type of column is defined by a slenderness ratio of 40 ≤ Kℓ/r ≤ 120?

• Composite columns

• Short columns

• Intermediate columns

• Long columns

What is the mode of failure for long columns?

• Crushing

• Buckling

• Bending

• Shear

Which of the following is a type of loading for columns?

• Shear loading

• Tensile loading

• Axial loading

• Bending loading

What is the primary assumption made while deriving Euler's formula?

• The column is initially straight

• The column is made of composite materials

• The column has a variable cross-section

• The column is subjected to lateral loads

What is the effect of increasing the slenderness ratio on the buckling strength of a column?

• Increases buckling strength

• Decreases buckling strength

• Depends on material properties

• No effect on buckling strength

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the critical load of a column?

• Length of the column

• Material modulus of elasticity

• Cross-sectional area

• Temperature of the environment

What is the primary cause of buckling in columns?

• All of the above

• Material fatigue

• Improper design

• Excessive load