DNA and Protein Synthesis Review

A single nucleotide of DNA is composed of which of the following substances?

• adenine, guanine, and cytosine

• hydrogen, a phosphate group, and adenine

• ribose sugar, deoxyribose sugar, and thymine

• deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

What event could lead to a phenotype change in an organism?

• a change in the shape of a chromosome

• a change in the DNA sequence of a gene

• the insertion of a DNA strand during mitosis

• the deletion of a chromosome during meiosis

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

What is the genetic material in the chromosomes of living things?

• DNA

• glucosamine

• RNA

• transcriptase

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

Mature red blood cells in mammals contain the protein hemoglobin but do not contain a nucleus. The nucleus is lost as the red blood cell matures. Which of the following can be concluded about mammalian red blood cells from this information?

• The cells store their DNA in ribosomes.

• The cells have no functionality once the nucleus is lost.

• The cells divide by meiosis to produce more red blood cells.

• The cells perform transcription and translation before the nucleus is lost.

There are many different types of proteins in the body. Which of the following is the cause of this?

• carbohydrates

• fatty acids

• neurotransmitters

• nucleotide sequences

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

A scientist wants to prevent a culture of live cells from producing a particular protein. Which of the following will the scientist most likely modify to prevent the production of the protein?

• the DNA in the nucleus

• an enzyme in the lysosomes

• the polysaccharides in the cytoplasm

• a phospholipid in the plasma membrane

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

Which of the following processes relies directly on the complementary base pairing of nucleotides?

• synthesis of ATP

• replication of DNA

• formation of peptide bonds

• pairing of chromosomes in meiosis

What do X, Y, and Z represent in the diagram?

• A. X is replication, Y is a gene, and Z is mutation.

• B. X is crossing over, Y is DNA, and Z is mitosis.

• C. X is transcription, Y is mRNA, and Z is translation.

• D. X is meiosis, Y is a chromosome, and Z is transport.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

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A mutation occurs in an individual, but the individual's phenotype does not change. Which of the following statements describes what most likely occurred to produce this result?

• The mutation deleted a portion of a coding section of the DNA.

• The mutation caused a portion of a coding section of the DNA to repeat.

• The mutation affected a nucleotide in the DNA, but the mutation did not affect the sequence of amino acids synthesized.

• The mutation translocated a group of nucleotides in the DNA, but the mutation did not change the number of base pairs in the DNA.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Based on this information, what is the expected effect a mutation from CGG to GCG?

• No polypeptide will be made.

• The same polypeptide will be made.

• A polypeptide with fewer amino acids will be made.

• A polypeptide with different amino acids will be made.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

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