Final Review Science

The students observed that the smaller ice cubes in Ice Bath 2 melted faster than the larger ice block in Ice Bath 1.

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Based on the ice bath setup in Figure 1, which statement best explains why several smaller ice cubes melt faster than a larger block of ice?

• Smaller ice cubes have more surface area in contact with the liquid water, so more thermal energy is transferred from the water to the ice.

• Smaller ice cubes have more surface area in contact with the liquid water, so more thermal energy is transferred from the ice to the water.

• A larger ice block has more surface area in contact with the liquid water, so less thermal energy is transferred from the ice to the water.

• A larger ice block has more surface area in contact with the liquid water, so less thermal energy is transferred from the water to the ice.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS1-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

Students want to collect data on how the average kinetic energy of the liquid water molecules in the ice baths changes during an experiment.

Which statement best describes a change to the ice bath experiment that will help the students collect this data?

• Measure the water height in each ice bath throughout the experiment and compare the initial and final water heights.

• Measure the water volume in each ice bath throughout the experiment and compare the initial and final water volumes.

• Measure the size of each piece of ice in each ice bath throughout the experiment and compare the initial and final sizes of each piece of ice.

• Measure the water temperature in each ice bath throughout the experiment and compare the initial and final water temperatures.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS1-4

NGSS.MS-PS3-4

Like some traits in other plants, spider plant traits can change over time through the process of natural selection.

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Which trait change would most likely affect both the pollination and the probability that future generations of spider plants will survive?

• a change in the number of pups per plant

• a change in the color of the leaves

• a change in the shape of the flowers

• a change in the size of the seeds

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-4

Part A

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Different types of trait selection can take different amounts of time for trait changes to occur.

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Which change would cause the traits of a spider plant to change the fastest?

• spider plants adapting to different climates in South Africa

• a gardener planting a spider plant in a new garden

• spider plants adapting to light intensity in different locations

• a botanist developing a new type of spider plant

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS1-5

Part B

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Which statement best explains how a botanist developing a new type of spider plant would result in a faster change in the traits of a spider plant?

• Artificial selection always results in the desired trait changes in the first generation.

• Artificial selection helps control which traits survive, resulting in trait changes over fewer generations.

• Natural selection always results in the desired trait changes in the first few generations.

• Natural selection favors the survival of specific traits, resulting in trait changes over several generations.

Studies show that volcanoes emit about 130 to 380 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.

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Which question can best help scientists determine if either volcanic eruptions or human activities are the main cause of the increasing CO2 levels shown in Graph 2?

• How many active volcanoes are there on Earth?

• Is there more carbon in limestone and rock deposits or in coal, oil, and gas deposits?

• Does the rate of combustion for fossil fuels occur faster than a volcanic eruption?

• How has the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities changed over time?

Part B

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Which statement about how atoms and molecules move through the slow carbon cycle is best supported by what you know about Law of Conservation of Matter?

• The total number of atoms for each element does not change even after a reaction occurs in the slow carbon cycle.

• The total mass of each element always changes after a reaction occurs in the slow carbon cycle.

• The total number of molecules formed always changes after a reaction occurs in the slow carbon cycle.

• The total mass of each element decreases each time a reaction occurs in the slow carbon cycle.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS1-5

Volcanic Carbon

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The carbon cycle depends on both slow and fast processes to move carbon through different steps. Slow carbon cycle steps can take more than 100 million years to move carbon from the atmosphere, to Earth's interior, and back to the atmosphere. The basic steps in the slow carbon cycle are shown in Figure 1.

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The slow carbon cycle begins with carbon in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere can move into the ocean in two main ways. The CO2 can either dissolve in the ocean or mix with rain before flowing into the ocean. Carbon is then deposited on the ocean floor in the form of shells and sediment. The carbon on the ocean floor turns into rock beneath Earth's surface over long periods of time. When volcanoes erupt, carbon stored in these rocks is cycled back into the atmosphere in the form of CO2 gas.

Graph 1 shows how three different eruptions of the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii resulted in changes to atmospheric CO2 levels. The data show the amount of CO2 added to the atmosphere after each eruption.

Researchers have been studying how emissions from both volcanoes and human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, impact the atmosphere. Both types of emissions contribute to the total CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Graph 2 shows that atmospheric CO2 levels have been steadily increasing over time. This increase in CO2 levels has been linked to the increase in global surface temperatures.

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Which conclusions about the effects of volcanic emissions over time are most supported by the results in Graph 1?

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Select the two correct answers.

• The Mauna Loa volcano erupts about every 10 years.

• Individual volcanic eruptions show no significant long-term impacts on CO2 levels.

• The change in CO2 levels in the volcanic eruption data explains the steady increase in atmospheric CO2 levels.

• The amount of CO2 released at the peak of a volcanic eruption decreases with each new eruption

• Volcanic eruptions can result in large short-term increases in CO2 levels.

Tags

NGSS.HS-ESS2-2

NGSS.HS-ESS2-4

NGSS.HS-ESS2-6

NGSS.HS-ESS3-5

In an ecosystem where the "whale pump" process occurs, which change would most likely increase the amount of nutrients recycled into shallower ocean depths?

• introducing more fish into the ecosystem to increase the fish population

• improving whaling efforts to decrease the whale population

• removing phytoplankton from shallow ocean depths to decrease the amount of phytoplankton

• making whales a protected species to increase the whale population

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS2-1

NGSS.MS-LS2-3

NGSS.MS-LS2-4

Which statement describes the most effective way to monitor waterways to prevent the effects of zebra mussels?

• Take samples of the surface water to look for zebra mussel waste products.

• Measure algae and plankton levels at the bottom of the waterway.

• Measure how clear the water is to detect changing algae and plankton levels.

• Perform random visual inspections of the bottom of the waterway to look for zebra mussels.