Immune Response

An organism that enters a life form and causes disease or sickness is a/an:

• macrophage

• pathogen

• vaccine

• flu

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS4-5

Tissue that come into direct contact with the outside

• respiratory tract

• urogenital tract

• gastrointestinal tract

• all

Saliva is an example of which immunological barrier

• Physical barrier

• Chemical barrier

• Microbiota barrier

Enzymes are an example of which immunological barrier

• Physical barrier

• Chemical barrier

• Microbiota barrier

What is the primary function of IL-6 in the immune response?

• Suppresses macrophage activity

• Stimulates acute-phase protein production

• Promotes B-cell apoptosis

• Recruits neutrophils to infection sites

Answer explanation

IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that triggers the liver to produce acute-phase proteins (e.g., CRP). It also supports the immune response during infection or injury.

What is the primary function of IL-2 in the immune response?

• Suppresses inflammation by regulating macrophages

• Stimulates T-cell proliferation and clonal expansion

• Attracts neutrophils to the site of infection

• Promotes B-cell differentiation into plasma cells

Answer explanation

IL-2 is a cytokine produced by activated T-helper cells that supports the clonal expansion of T cells. This process is essential for amplifying the adaptive immune response, enabling the body to respond effectively to antigens. It does not regulate inflammation, attract neutrophils, or directly promote B-cell differentiation.

Which cytokine is critical for T-cell growth and proliferation?

• IL-6

• IL-10

• IL-2

• IFN-γ

Answer explanation

IL-2 is a cytokine produced by activated T-helper cells that promotes T-cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. It plays a central role in the adaptive immune response by amplifying T-cell activation.

IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

IL-10 suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting cytokine production from macrophages and dendritic cells. It helps regulate immune responses to prevent excessive inflammation.

Which cytokine is responsible for recruiting neutrophils to infection sites?

• IL-1

• IL-17

• IL-8

• IL-4

Answer explanation

IL-8 is a chemokine that acts as a chemoattractant, guiding neutrophils to the site of infection or tissue damage for phagocytosis and pathogen elimination.

Which cytokine is most associated with chronic inflammation?

• IL-4

• IL-17

• TNF-α

• IL-6

Answer explanation

IL-17 is produced by Th17 cells and is heavily involved in chronic inflammation by recruiting neutrophils and enhancing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.