Development of Scientific Knowledge

Which statement is correct about the theory of evolution, which is a piece of scientific knowledge that explains that all organisms have one common ancestor?

• All scientists agree on the theory of evolution.

• It was and still is a highly debated topic among scientists.

• It was one of the fastest theories to form as evidence for it plentiful.

• All scientists choose to disprove the theory of evolution because most evidence does not support it.

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Read the passage " Heliobacter pylori". Use the passage to answer any questions that follow. HELIOBACTER PYLORI It was previously believed that gastritis leading to painful stomach ulcers was the result of anxiety, lifestyle, and diet. In 1989, Dr. Barry Marshal and Dr. Robin Warren discovered a bacterium in the stomach of affected people called Heliobacter pylori. Many trials were done on laboratory mice proved the bacterium was responsible for the illnesses, but ethical reasons did not allow for experiments on humans. Dr. Marshal did something unusual when he created a broth that contained the bacterium, drank it himself and became sick with gastritis within days. Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren's findings are now widely accepted, and they received the Nobel prize in 2005. How were Dr. Marshal and Dr. Warren's results confirmed?

• by the experiment being replicated by other scientists who experienced the same results

• by Dr. Warren repeating his experiment to show that his results were accurate

• by the experiment on the mice being repeated again multiple times by the original team

• by Dr. Warren convincing other scientists to share his opinion about the results

How is universal confirmation achieved about a scientific topic?

• through many replications of an experiment and debate by other scientists who observe the results of the original experiment

• through many repetitions of an experiment by the original scientist observing the same results

• through five scientists observing a result that was predicted and repeating an experiment to confirm that result, which they then debate

• through the decisions made by only the top experts in the fields of specific scientific topics

Which of the following is correct about debates in science?

• Scientists do not always make the same observations and inferences about an experiment, so debates are an important part of determining the best explanation of an aspect of the natural world.

• Scientists always make the same observations and inferences about an experiment, so debate is not a vital part of gaining knowledge about the natural world, as it only wastes time and slows down studies.

• Scientists who have the most data collected from replicating other scientists' experiments will always win debates about a piece of scientific knowledge.

• Scientist who have the most data collected from repeating their own experiment will always win a debates about a piece of scientific knowledge

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Read the passage "The Geocentric Model" below.

Ancient scientists believed in the geocentric model, which stated that Earth was the center of the solar system, as evidenced by the motion of celestial bodies through the sky each day. However, as knowledge and technology improved, other ideas began to emerge. With the advent of the telescope, the path of the solar system bodies could be more accurately determined. New evidence began to emerge, and eventually a new theory, the heliocentric, or Sun-centered solar system, was developed.

Why did the knowledge about Earth's position in the solar system change?

• because scientists could not find enough evidence to support their original solar system theories

• because celestial bodies changed their positions in space and eventually Earth orbited the Sun

• because new technology gave scientists new evidence that changed their interpretation of celestial movement

• because new technology made it easier for scientists to think of more plausible stories to describe natural events

In the 1900s, one idea in genetics was that inherited traits were blended into the next generation, with traits only available from an organism's parents. Which of the following caused a change in the scientific knowledge of genetics?

• Mendel interpreting the results of his pea-plant experiment that showed dominant and recessive genes

• Darwin interpreting his observation that finches lived on the same island had different beak shapes

• the discovery of new evidence that linked a species to one with a different physical appearance

• new technology that provided evidence of natural selection as a part of evolution

What does this table show?

• Scientific knowledge about the effect of force on objects remaining constant over the years with supporting evidence.

• Scientific knowledge of the laws of motion changed over the years as new interpretations were encountered.

• Scientists did not use previous data to expand on ideas and formulate new experiments.

• New technology changed how scientific laws are interpreted by the general public.

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The picture below shows a mole rat, a mammal that lives underground, that still has eyes but is blind. The presence of useless eyes on a mole rat is evidence of which scientific theory?

• the theory of cells

• the theory of relativity

• the theory of evolution

• the theory of superposition

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It is easier to do experiments in a lab because conditions are _____________________.

• controlled

• uncontrolled

• in a natural environment.

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To prove a scientific theory, scientists need lots of ____________________.

• empirical opinions

• empirical evidence

• insufficient evidence

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