Dynamic Nature of Ecosystem

An illustration of a water lily is provided. If annual rainfall increased and caused ponds in this ecosystem to become deeper, how might the traits of these water lilies change after many generations?

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Answer explanation

The populations of lilies would change to have longer stems.

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What is a disruption to an ecosystem that can lead to shifts in its populations?

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Answer explanation

A natural hazard such as a forest fire or a flood could lead to shifts in an ecosystem’s populations.

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If a sudden outbreak of disease severely reduced the number of coyotes in an ecosystem very rapidly, what might the resulting changes to the local food web look like?

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Answer explanation

Natural prey of the coyote will increase, while any predators of the coyote would search for a new food source or move away.

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The peppered moth (Biston betularia) has two forms, a white-bodied and a dark-bodied form. The table provided shows the percentage of each type in a moth population over several years. The data provided on the shift in population of the peppered moth could support a claim that this population is responding to a change in the environment. In order for this data to support that claim, what other data would be needed?

• Data showing that eventually there were no more dark-bodied moths after 1985.

• Data showing that, in 1965, the two forms migrated from different habitats.

• Data showing a steady change in the color of trees in this habitat between 1965 and 1985

• Data showing that in the years after 1985 the trend reversed leading to more dark moths.

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Information on brown tree snakes is provided along with information on the island of Guam. Brown tree snakes were first brought to Guam in 1950. Which of the following would provide evidence that the change to this environment brought about by the introduction of the brown tree snake has had an effect on the populations of organisms that lived on Guam?

• The population of lizards on Guam in 1960 was very small.

• The longest brown tree snake ever found on Guam measured three meters in length.

• Any of the military bases on Guam were closed in the 1980’s.

• Several other species of snakes were known to live on Guam before 1950.

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A physical disruption to an ecosystem occurred when a highway was built through a forest. Which of the following would provide evidence that the addition of a highway to this forest affected populations?

• There were fewer species of nesting birds living in the forest after the highway was built.

• The trees that were not cut down during the construction of the highway continued to grow.

• The amount of water runoff from higher elevations increased after the highway was built.

• A greater area of the forest oor was exposed to the sunlight after the highway was built.

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The trout is a fish that lays its eggs in cold fresh water but spends some of its life in the ocean. Trout eat smaller fish. The graph provided shows the population of trout in the state of Wisconsin between the years 1999 and 2014. Which change to the ecosystem had the largest effect on the population of trout in Wisconsin?

• The rise in population of smaller fish in Wisconsin lakes between 2010 and 2011

• A shift in ocean currents that occurred in 2000 and again in 2001

• A hard freeze of many of the lakes in Wisconsin in the winter of 2006

• The slow rise in lake temperatures in Wisconsin between 1999 and 2014

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Match the following:

• Resilience

• Current change or progress

• Dynamic

• Changes in ecosystem factors over time

• Ecosystem dynamics

• All the biotic and abiotic factors of an environment

• Population

• the ability to recover from a disturbance

• Ecosystem

• A group of individuals of the same species

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The introduction of invasive species to an ecosystem can change the dynamic of the ​ ​ (a)   among the species. Disruptions to any ​​ (b)   components of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in all of its ​ (c)   . Volcanoes and earthquakes are ​ (d)   disturbances that affect ecosystems. Removing a habitat by cutting down trees or draining a lake is a ​ (e)   disturbance that affects an ecosystem.

• interactions

• populations

• natural

• physical or biological

• human-made

• invasive

• resilience

• disturbances

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What is the role of keystone species in maintaining the dynamic nature of an ecosystem?

• They are the most abundant species in an ecosystem.

• They have a disproportionate effect on their environment relative to their abundance.

• They are the primary producers in an ecosystem.

• They are the top predators in an ecosystem.

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