Sepup Geological Processes

Heat generated by the core is passed to the mantle by conduction. Which option below best describes how the flow of heat through the mantle affects the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates?

• Heated material in the mantle rises towards the crust through convection which causes plate motion.

• Heat conducted from the Earth's mantle moves tectonic plates due to the gravitational pull from the Earth's core.

• Heat is transferred from the mantle to the crust by radiation, which then causes the plates to move on the surface.

• Heated material in the mantle rises to the surface by radiation, which causes the crust to harden and move the plates.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

NGSS.MS-ESS2-3

Use the following rock cycle model to answer the following question. Which of the following events must occur at point 6 in order to transform sedimentary rock into igneous rock?

• Shifting tectonic plates push the sedimentary rock toward the poles, where it freezes and hardens into igneous rock.

• Extreme winds and storms weather the sedimentary rock into particles, which collect in rivers and are compacted into igneous rock.

• Rising oceans erode mountains of sedimentary rock into particles, which sink and get compacted into layers that form igneous rock.

• Tectonic plates push against each other, driving sedimentary rock under Earth's surface, where it melts into magma and turns into igneous rock as it cools.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

Alisha's science teacher asked each student to create a model of the Earth's tectonic plates. Alisha decided to use a hard-boiled egg. Part of the assignment required her to describe the benefit of the model they chose. Which description below accurately describes the benefit of her model?

• The egg white under the shell represents the mantle.

• The shape of the egg matches the shape of the Earth.

• The cracks on the shell represent the tectonic plate boundaries.

• The eggshell “plates” are able to move like the Earth’s tectonic plates.

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NGSS.MS-ETS1-4

The map below shows some of Earth’s plate tectonic boundaries. Based on the map, volcanic activity would most likely be found at which location?

• Location W

• Location X

• Location Y

• Location Z

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-3

Which type of plate movement will result in a volcano forming at a subduction zone?

• When two continental plates collide.

• When two continental plates move apart.

• When an oceanic and a continental plate collide.

• When an oceanic and a continental plate move apart.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-3

Below is a model of the rock cycle. Which of the following options best identifies a limitation of the model?

• The model does not show an image of the rocks.

• The model includes a path of formation of the rocks.

• The model does not include what is needed for rocks to form.

• The model includes how temperature and pressure affect how a rock is formed.

Two students are discussing the processes that form the different rocks near mountains and lakes. Which choice below compares the formation of rocks at these locations?

• Mountains push weathered rocks underneath tectonic plates to form sedimentary rocks inside the mantle. Rivers erode igneous rocks over time to form metamorphic rock.

• Sedimentary rock is formed from the heat and pressure in between tectonic plates to form mountains. Rivers deliver weathered rock to lake beds and form igneous rock over long periods of time.

• Metamorphic rock is formed by heat and pressure of tectonic plates is then pushed up to form mountains. Rivers deliver weathered rocks into lake beds forming sedimentary rock as more layers are added.

• Igneous rock is formed by volcanoes releasing magma from the mantle, the rock cools and piles up forming a mountain. Rivers direct water to cool magma underground forming metamorphic rock under lake beds.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

Which of Earth's layers would be described as being rocky and having the lowest density?

• crust

• mantle

• inner core

• outer core

A group of scientists is studying two tectonic plates. When they analyzed the data, they noticed that the two plates have been pushing against each other over the past ten years. What option below describes what will most likely occur between the two plates?

• The plates will slowly subduct causing an earthquake.

• The plates will quickly diverge forming an ocean basin.

• The plates will slowly converge causing a mountain to form.

• The plates will quickly transform causing the formation of a canyon.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

Mauna Loa Volcano is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. It is among one of Earth's most active volcanoes. What conclusion can you draw about the rocks formed around Mauna Loa?

• Igneous rocks were formed by cooling magma.

• Metamorphic rocks were formed by compaction.

• Igneous rocks were formed by heat and pressure.

• Sedimentary rocks were formed by weathering and erosion.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1